Origin of Common Names of Butterflies
Nymphalidae : Some English Common Names
A Commander having a meal at the Officers' Mess!
The study and the naming convention of butterflies date back several centuries, to the 18th century naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne). Linnaeus pioneered the binominal and trinominal taxonomic naming convention in classic work Systema Naturae - a catalog of all the names of known animals and plants.
The study and the naming convention of butterflies date back several centuries, to the 18th century naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne). Linnaeus pioneered the binominal and trinominal taxonomic naming convention in classic work Systema Naturae - a catalog of all the names of known animals and plants.
A Cruiser anchored in harbour
In 1758 came the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which is usually regarded as the starting point for the biological classification of animals by family, genus and species. As more and more amateur hobbyists picked up collecting butterflies, and the general layman began to appreciate nature's flying jewels around them, the widespread use of English common names became more prevalent.
In 1758 came the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which is usually regarded as the starting point for the biological classification of animals by family, genus and species. As more and more amateur hobbyists picked up collecting butterflies, and the general layman began to appreciate nature's flying jewels around them, the widespread use of English common names became more prevalent.
An Archduke surveys over his domain
The English common name given to butterflies, however, is always a subject for debate, as these names are coined by amateurs and layman enthusiasts. The well-meaning intention is to give an easier and less daunting name for the general public which they can appreciate and endear themselves to. The downside of this is that we often end up with different common names for the same species across different countries, causing confusion. Hence although English Common Names are ideal for the general enthusiasts, scientific names should always remain at the core of butterfly identification.
The English common name given to butterflies, however, is always a subject for debate, as these names are coined by amateurs and layman enthusiasts. The well-meaning intention is to give an easier and less daunting name for the general public which they can appreciate and endear themselves to. The downside of this is that we often end up with different common names for the same species across different countries, causing confusion. Hence although English Common Names are ideal for the general enthusiasts, scientific names should always remain at the core of butterfly identification.
A Dot-Dash Sergeant alert!
How then, did these English Common Names start? In the Asian region, where amateur collectors spent their time amassing large collections of insects, amongst which butterflies were undoubtedly a favourite, many of these collectors were British, and particularly from the military. Renown collectors who described new species and wrote articles and books on butterflies in the Indian subcontinent and Malaysia & Singapore were either from the military or were civilians working in the region who were interned during the Japanese occupation during World War II.
Amongst some of these collectors who were military men were :
How then, did these English Common Names start? In the Asian region, where amateur collectors spent their time amassing large collections of insects, amongst which butterflies were undoubtedly a favourite, many of these collectors were British, and particularly from the military. Renown collectors who described new species and wrote articles and books on butterflies in the Indian subcontinent and Malaysia & Singapore were either from the military or were civilians working in the region who were interned during the Japanese occupation during World War II.
Amongst some of these collectors who were military men were :
- Brigadier William Harry Evans - a British officer who spent most of his commission in India
- Lt Col John Eliot - the 'guru' who revised the 4th edition of the definitive book about butterflies of the Malay Peninsula by Corbet & Pendlebury
- Captain M K Godfrey
- Captain Stackhouse Pinwill
- Major J M Kerr
- Lieutenant A M Goodrich
- Lieutenant H Roberts
Others, who were in the service of British companies in East India and the far east, were :
- Alexander Steven Corbet, a soil chemist and bacteriologist with the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya
- H Maurice Pendlebury, Director of Museums, Federated Malay States, and who was interned at Changi Prison during the war
- W A Fleming, a Scotsman who worked for a London-based rubber company and who was also interned during the war.
- R Morrell, who was also interned at Changi during the war
A Colonel with two Sergeants in attendance. Left : Colour Sergeant, Right : Malay Staff Sergeant
It is therefore understandable that many of the English common names of butterflies were coined after British origins. In the first category, we have, obviously, the military titles and ranks - old world and new! For the butterflies in Singapore we have the Commander, the various Sergeants, Knight, Colonel, Lascars and Sailors.
It is therefore understandable that many of the English common names of butterflies were coined after British origins. In the first category, we have, obviously, the military titles and ranks - old world and new! For the butterflies in Singapore we have the Commander, the various Sergeants, Knight, Colonel, Lascars and Sailors.
A platoon of Lascars - clockwise from top left : Malayan, Perak, Burmese and Common Lascars
Whilst some of these ranks are clearly recognised, I had to do a bit of research into the origins of some others. The Lascar, for example is an Indian sailor, army servant, or artilleryman. Interesting, because some of the British collectors were indeed militarymen stationed in India, where they would have come across such titles.
Whilst some of these ranks are clearly recognised, I had to do a bit of research into the origins of some others. The Lascar, for example is an Indian sailor, army servant, or artilleryman. Interesting, because some of the British collectors were indeed militarymen stationed in India, where they would have come across such titles.
Ahoy! the Navy - Sailors and a Yeoman. Top to Bottom : Chocolate Sailor, Banded Yeoman & Short Banded Sailor
Amongst the definitions of the Yeoman, was this : a naval petty officer who performs clerical duties. The Sailors, too, generated some debate, as there are some quarters who believe that the common name should be "Sailers" - which originate from the way the Neptis species "sails" in flight. Of course, given the family of names of the armed forces, it could well be possible that there was every intention to call these species "Sailors" instead, so that the officers of the British Navy could also be recognised, and the butterflies named for posterity. And finally of course, we have to salute the Indian Red Admiral. as the highest ranking officer in the navy.
An Admiral and his Cruiser?
Another possible military association for a butterfly name is the Cruiser. Amongst the definition is : a large fast moderately armored and gunned warship.
Said the Viscount to the Duke "Where are the ladies?" Top : Malay Viscount Bottom : Purple Duke
In another category of common names, would be titles from Peerage - a system of titles in the UK, representing the upper ranks of British nobility and aristocracy. Peers are of five ranks in descending order of heirarchy :
- Duke
- Marquess (or Marquis)
- Earl
- Viscount
- Baron
Aristrocratic gentry : Clockwise from top left : Baron, Green Baron, Horsfield's Baron, Malay Baron and White-Tipped Baron
The title Archduke may be the odd one out, as it is an aristocratic title that originates from the European countries. And for the Nawab (or Nabob) the definition would be : a provincial governor of the Mogul empire in India. Another from Indian origin, would be the Rajah : the bearer of a title of nobility among the Hindus
In the world of Archdukes and Nawabs : Top : Yellow Archduke, Blue Nawab, Archduke, Black-Tipped Archduke and Plain Nawab.
So now we postulate some of the possible origins behind some of the English common names behind these butterflies, and why these early collectors may have coined these names for our beloved winged beauties!
So now we postulate some of the possible origins behind some of the English common names behind these butterflies, and why these early collectors may have coined these names for our beloved winged beauties!
Text by Khew SK : Photos by Sunny Chir, Khew SK, Koh Cher Hern, Neo Chee Beng, Horace Tan, Tan Ben Jin, Anthony Wong & Mark Wong
9 comments:
The is one of the most interesting articles I have read in a while. Thanks to your extensive research and interests, it answered many questions I had about some of these butterflies. I cant help but plead you for a part two of this article soon! :)
Thanks for the encouragement and kind words, Aniruddha. Glad you liked it. I had also wondered at some of these English names, and hence did a bit of searching around the Web for answers. The article above is my own theory, and by no means a statement of fact. But I'll be doing a bit more research on other names for a future article as well! :)
A very interesting read!
Thanks
Thanks! Glad you enjoyed it. :)
superba postare ,felicitarii
Thanks, Luuuuuua. :)
The common names of Indian buterflies were coined in 1924 by WH Evans, who repeated them in the 2nd edition of his book The Identification of Indian Butterflies, 1932. The name lascar refers to an Indian seaman or the lowest rank, usually stokers in coal burning ships and refers to the small size of the Pantoporia genus vis a vis the rest of the Sailers. I do think that the name Sailers should be retained, since Sailor is a generic name and includes everything from an Admiral down to a Lascar! In another case, Evans called the Delias genus Jezabels, but since the word is usually spelt Jezebels, I have no problem with that emendation.
Thanks, Peter. But I disagree with you on the point of Sailors being "generic". There are other cases where if we have a Chocolate Soldier, then the analogy would be that it is also generic to cover a Commander all the way down to a Sergeant. So why not Sailor? In any case, our local "bible", "Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula" by Corbet and Pendlebury and revised by Col John Eliot, refers to all the Neptis species as "Sailors". So it is a name that is commonly used in the Malaysian and Singaporean context and accepted as such. That is why I said that it is unlikely that the larger group of Asia standardisation of common names can easily reach any form of consensus, and I'd prefer to stay within the countries of SouthEast Asia. And by the way, Pisuth's "Butterflies of Thailand" also use the name "Sailor", so the three countries in our lil' corner of the world won't have any disputes in that single name alone! :)
Hi, Really loved this article. I grew up in Singapore and Malaysia and went to a mission boarding school in the Cameron Highlands in the 70s. We were obsessed with butterflies and knew all their names and could identify most common Malay butterflies from 100m away just by the flight pattern. We're talking kids aged 5-10 years old. It was part of our culture at the school. The school was a in a sheltered valley surrounded by jungle on three sides. I am nearly 50 now and still clearly see the delicate fluttering of Rajah Brooks (the king of Malaysian butterflies), the lace hankerchief flopping of Tree Nymphs, or the frenetic restless speed of the Blue Bottles. I've always suspected the butterflies were named by British ex-pats with military links. It's great to finally hear who they all were. There is another class of names that you have not mentioned. Classical mythology. Centaur Oak Blue, Satyr, Tree Nymph, Saturn, Pallid Faun. (All named after Greek or Roman gods or mythical creatures) Other names reveal the foreign status of those doing the naming. The Emigrant butterflies. The Autumn Leaf! (An association that would be unlikely to have occurred to anyone that wasn't originally from a temperate seasonal climate) I've always been curious about the Horsfields Baron. Have you ever found out who Horsfield was?
Kind regards Glyn Griffiths
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