tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64324003971621785322024-03-18T23:40:28.122+08:00Butterflies of SingaporeA Tribute to Nature's Flying JewelsCommanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.comBlogger1065125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-37289409096083279792024-02-29T21:58:00.001+08:002024-02-29T21:58:12.342+08:00Butterfly of the Month - February 2024<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - February 2024</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">White Royal</span> (<i>Pratapa deva relata</i>)</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6BOC6UnxSS1AcNNbWxeFImJDyCIqXlHknCKWx9TIeouv-4YI1cGCtAFfere0evBhdaFJ8MGRPMN4L0dt4AJwjkS0b-Av5_4nZDT3nF10jQayZWsoMYufx5uu6OcMQyGZVp3IUIup76odf_jlW_RT1MwMuYTY78OKdFQHm88yn8pV6BaUG1D3d9Cm1jvk/s2000/WhiteRoyal-LohMY3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6BOC6UnxSS1AcNNbWxeFImJDyCIqXlHknCKWx9TIeouv-4YI1cGCtAFfere0evBhdaFJ8MGRPMN4L0dt4AJwjkS0b-Av5_4nZDT3nF10jQayZWsoMYufx5uu6OcMQyGZVp3IUIup76odf_jlW_RT1MwMuYTY78OKdFQHm88yn8pV6BaUG1D3d9Cm1jvk/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-LohMY3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">On this special once-every-four-years day of 29 Feb, we feature one of our "royal" butterflies from the Lycaenidae family. The Lycaenidae, often referred to as the Blues and Hairstreaks, is represented by the largest number of species in Singapore. As many of the species are cryptic and superficially very similar-looking, more species are being added to the Singapore checklist as new information becomes available, or observations of species which were previously missed are included to the list.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilY4UCeQ05P5MIVQqiqO5Y489jHfL2_FcdXWKIz9Bhl6mZ5GpOyb8ifsXqnu6jER7bUq8PKUVUKp7K2J7emxF0Txb-6k-m-nygeZV5vr0Q-Mf6w3bGiyTOk-CJcQxmbTDRMHxo9O03MANPKFWXJXuv9d6IMtvW11rnqHJTVet42BeXLpMkPMOGNQu7Osc/s2000/WhiteRoyal-HoraceT.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilY4UCeQ05P5MIVQqiqO5Y489jHfL2_FcdXWKIz9Bhl6mZ5GpOyb8ifsXqnu6jER7bUq8PKUVUKp7K2J7emxF0Txb-6k-m-nygeZV5vr0Q-Mf6w3bGiyTOk-CJcQxmbTDRMHxo9O03MANPKFWXJXuv9d6IMtvW11rnqHJTVet42BeXLpMkPMOGNQu7Osc/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-HoraceT.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5Rm_4D33_1qWcjT02I-11UBypElBnhqfWFnnFLoG1c5rqzsiXFVxzWUWhWUYuy2JD5UzUSVvZ9u1WG6HHWFcLFYwCyZIOjm7SeV-vMp0B9lFZwsqYTbLmw-fSn_g480JLFZLABMI6wxO16r5BpjcuL3FSaRcKy0oMQRS6hZdldkD4P_E9CC4lD74-lM/s2000/bcd3-white-royal2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5Rm_4D33_1qWcjT02I-11UBypElBnhqfWFnnFLoG1c5rqzsiXFVxzWUWhWUYuy2JD5UzUSVvZ9u1WG6HHWFcLFYwCyZIOjm7SeV-vMp0B9lFZwsqYTbLmw-fSn_g480JLFZLABMI6wxO16r5BpjcuL3FSaRcKy0oMQRS6hZdldkD4P_E9CC4lD74-lM/w400-h266/bcd3-white-royal2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgvt0fLG1owk5iCIbtie5s2ZBG7X70UX19yTfuEM-28Jg6iy_eGW0u0Rvo_gTmscz9zKF8L21bPjjuoHUqMROZTSSTH4adyW7roE7QrvKnnnWWvalMeeHJCPFQatPa7YwRk7K1TvdzZ-8F-P7lzKI3vfIYdpTTaZVIMsinJpyBX3lbreZpDxZ_bugSlLY/s2000/WhiteRoyal-RichardOng.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgvt0fLG1owk5iCIbtie5s2ZBG7X70UX19yTfuEM-28Jg6iy_eGW0u0Rvo_gTmscz9zKF8L21bPjjuoHUqMROZTSSTH4adyW7roE7QrvKnnnWWvalMeeHJCPFQatPa7YwRk7K1TvdzZ-8F-P7lzKI3vfIYdpTTaZVIMsinJpyBX3lbreZpDxZ_bugSlLY/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-RichardOng.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our Butterfly of the Month for February 2024 is the moderately rare <b><span style="color: red;">White Royal</span></b> (<i>Pratapa deva relata</i>). This species was a recent re-discovery back in 2007 when it was first photographed at an urban area near Telok Blangah Hills Park. It was subsequently observed that the caterpillars of this species depends on the parasitic mistletoe, Rusty Mistletoe (<i>Scurrula ferruginea</i>) as its host plant. With a more targeted observation of habitats where this parasitic plant grows, it was observed that the species is often present in the vicinity of the host plant.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2fT8uCg2royLg01KkLYQmS6hOFl11xdbg9YBQfAHy8w6ZZJ832ZSM86tFYKwki5mrrPOgxwFshcsy24-Db5bbsDQdJPD5d-sn4DlfPI2N2LOTkG_awm1pQjY8qWJEAMEpQ_VQVqfKdgcDmecliYu-yauNDvPiRkzSciQgcNcd4yFHMhGsp1L-RHhyphenhyphenakA/s2000/bcd3-WhiteRoyal-KSK2a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2fT8uCg2royLg01KkLYQmS6hOFl11xdbg9YBQfAHy8w6ZZJ832ZSM86tFYKwki5mrrPOgxwFshcsy24-Db5bbsDQdJPD5d-sn4DlfPI2N2LOTkG_awm1pQjY8qWJEAMEpQ_VQVqfKdgcDmecliYu-yauNDvPiRkzSciQgcNcd4yFHMhGsp1L-RHhyphenhyphenakA/w400-h266/bcd3-WhiteRoyal-KSK2a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC-pk0BJ6anRWZIHNUl59PLeeIN3pjUKkDdocADzdLfxvJkqX_MWU93AMgveN0lqpCjP3ZIurTvI5p8Rj16ZHpSWuG34qzt_ubyWxkSOYOicFToeUUZiycca3d5gHio7SE9hnjf2-L4k5gvu6uC1r518NVP_0XY2DbKZ1IueVqFIFlamCFL-TUTmwb2G8/s2000/WhiteRoyal-YipJenWei.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC-pk0BJ6anRWZIHNUl59PLeeIN3pjUKkDdocADzdLfxvJkqX_MWU93AMgveN0lqpCjP3ZIurTvI5p8Rj16ZHpSWuG34qzt_ubyWxkSOYOicFToeUUZiycca3d5gHio7SE9hnjf2-L4k5gvu6uC1r518NVP_0XY2DbKZ1IueVqFIFlamCFL-TUTmwb2G8/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-YipJenWei.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The White Royal is widely distributed across Singapore and found in urban parks and gardens, as well as the nature reserves and areas where the caterpillar host plant can be found. The distinctive parasitic plant can often be spotted growing on other plants where its "rusty" undersides of its leaves stand out. The adult butterflies are often spotted singly where they occur, but females have been seen in small numbers, ovipositing on its host plants.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBrWrmer6v9jxiExo9NcIoERib9Vw8djLQJ50-VueWfj3sBQD8Yn-7Th0I4Ub6ZmqEKuxv0wedcda6NtmWHQ93MtK4vZk6Us8TXzrWshDFhh1V61uGiv6frXe6_IAgTxik8dIjUn4_mnwXINEZIxNipGnCaOlf4EJl20U5KuTcm2-ShBdfGkbTA55P_lU/s1008/WhiteRoyal-MayYap.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="985" data-original-width="1008" height="441" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBrWrmer6v9jxiExo9NcIoERib9Vw8djLQJ50-VueWfj3sBQD8Yn-7Th0I4Ub6ZmqEKuxv0wedcda6NtmWHQ93MtK4vZk6Us8TXzrWshDFhh1V61uGiv6frXe6_IAgTxik8dIjUn4_mnwXINEZIxNipGnCaOlf4EJl20U5KuTcm2-ShBdfGkbTA55P_lU/w400-h391/WhiteRoyal-MayYap.jpg" width="441" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsvxQA_ktiRdVGDyxV6ChbOPQ_Hkkr0d84CFEQ6UJ4Aoq0bJs8gLeroa8WcV5bzLycQxJS24f2WNVR40cwkVnKPEOHiloyRNwbssbkzh15avOJWwBbDz5NSjsoDDrizS_wVfib5R-MuXvygTq5tIx-8s-V1aC3FRaZq1dsb70Wkhq35ckiiqWyE3CGoxc/s2000/WhiteRoyal-KSK8.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsvxQA_ktiRdVGDyxV6ChbOPQ_Hkkr0d84CFEQ6UJ4Aoq0bJs8gLeroa8WcV5bzLycQxJS24f2WNVR40cwkVnKPEOHiloyRNwbssbkzh15avOJWwBbDz5NSjsoDDrizS_wVfib5R-MuXvygTq5tIx-8s-V1aC3FRaZq1dsb70Wkhq35ckiiqWyE3CGoxc/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-KSK8.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Male (top) and Female (bottom) White Royal showing their upperwings</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The upperside of the male White Royal is a deep lustrous blue with broad black borders, particularly at the apical area, on the upperside of the forewings and a series of black marginal spots on the hindwings. The females feature paler blue uppersides, also with broad black apical borders on the forewings.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX6yt2kU_TFUbLXLkj0QnfoXzMNgh-ooIsbFujoE7aKM0bwZx89p8qu2vGCsqnDLwSLyzQFouwez3C7tTrI6DCDQTwO3a0IAh4KUF1G9e5_b3i3YoOEYx7VmK5lk5t1rSZrmnrX1m7En6YxOZVZW_ofKRt8Y83HNHKcWHJBJX3XnZcML66mwzHQzI4uDM/s2000/WhiteRoyal-LohMY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX6yt2kU_TFUbLXLkj0QnfoXzMNgh-ooIsbFujoE7aKM0bwZx89p8qu2vGCsqnDLwSLyzQFouwez3C7tTrI6DCDQTwO3a0IAh4KUF1G9e5_b3i3YoOEYx7VmK5lk5t1rSZrmnrX1m7En6YxOZVZW_ofKRt8Y83HNHKcWHJBJX3XnZcML66mwzHQzI4uDM/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-LohMY.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A female White Royal sunbathing with open wings</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8WFrgaiQgizobAxNnV9Nwa7Jd_zrIgtbViSIJpaaUyUAywwmDDsO-hnsVIpuPH8uwNe6bp7keoSeSP1kE27UrQWhrXp0g5KVTKjnxGzUds65o4vWZs4xCGo0JNGvpudn6ddl3ohkm8T5DQVzNRu_aN-rkAj7hMZ6AMERLCQ_VJBCvl9qvq5y85ITMj2Q/s2000/WhiteRoyal-KSK6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8WFrgaiQgizobAxNnV9Nwa7Jd_zrIgtbViSIJpaaUyUAywwmDDsO-hnsVIpuPH8uwNe6bp7keoSeSP1kE27UrQWhrXp0g5KVTKjnxGzUds65o4vWZs4xCGo0JNGvpudn6ddl3ohkm8T5DQVzNRu_aN-rkAj7hMZ6AMERLCQ_VJBCvl9qvq5y85ITMj2Q/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-KSK6.jpg" width="400" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXvGMHqIC2FCBTi3i1DPb6Zpq_0ZrLYjcflt7pMvDWLyhBgn9FE8qW7hrDQWuUsQvCl_yRKju7riSHNIRb0hidm-aIK4bRK3Ksoh5GQFPDP_R4d-D0SYg5A7-xseBaIZPia_9fanhtoraHYOqLiu_vlOcm7ZpBvcTG9g851FDgVzcZSz5WTBz8urjpe5c/s2000/WhiteRoyal-LohMY4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXvGMHqIC2FCBTi3i1DPb6Zpq_0ZrLYjcflt7pMvDWLyhBgn9FE8qW7hrDQWuUsQvCl_yRKju7riSHNIRb0hidm-aIK4bRK3Ksoh5GQFPDP_R4d-D0SYg5A7-xseBaIZPia_9fanhtoraHYOqLiu_vlOcm7ZpBvcTG9g851FDgVzcZSz5WTBz8urjpe5c/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-LohMY4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A "rear view" of the White Royal showing its tornal lobe</b></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The underside of both sexes is greyish white with a series of post-discal narrow black streaks. The underside of the hindwing has a prominent orange-crowned black marginal spot in space 2. There is a pair of white-tipped tails at the ends of veins 1b and 2. The tornal lobe on the hindwing is black and orange with white cilia on pristine individuals.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRooAoo9XgEIG_92s7qjJDhrBnNWOucMRioC9ntA4s-vuM9j2SU67MQAHaTW2O52lljjSy2huaGz188qf8n6kqBfPYeZMRsqU1w8r9CWs9exsgI1ajQSpjNjFxZ15s6aO_UbvjP6rcUU9RxJ1Wg7EebsZdYI3AUVaZrP8j0GIjM3H9d4oDsnZ9KyLQMoM/s2000/bcd3-WhiteRoyal-KSK2a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRooAoo9XgEIG_92s7qjJDhrBnNWOucMRioC9ntA4s-vuM9j2SU67MQAHaTW2O52lljjSy2huaGz188qf8n6kqBfPYeZMRsqU1w8r9CWs9exsgI1ajQSpjNjFxZ15s6aO_UbvjP6rcUU9RxJ1Wg7EebsZdYI3AUVaZrP8j0GIjM3H9d4oDsnZ9KyLQMoM/w400-h266/bcd3-WhiteRoyal-KSK2a.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The eyes of the White Royal are transparent instead of jet black, as in the case with many of the related species. The legs are greyish-white throughout. The antennae are black-and-white banded, and orange tipped at the club.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE-TLVFPW-f1izNaFBbfiMP1eRDnR5R2NAgqjkIGE8OyQbPhNNUEVbtvFIiYKLTR92dDC9mflkBGXiZJxb2R2ukt0cnnwD8F5k3UfC-s0Wdwa-nGaIsT7itKZMllDPjovlombg2FspOIroSzBUKGk6lng2v5HgmpD0nFwwgdEwZ19EFXnBadocbbSc10E/s1600/WhiteRoyal-KSK4a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE-TLVFPW-f1izNaFBbfiMP1eRDnR5R2NAgqjkIGE8OyQbPhNNUEVbtvFIiYKLTR92dDC9mflkBGXiZJxb2R2ukt0cnnwD8F5k3UfC-s0Wdwa-nGaIsT7itKZMllDPjovlombg2FspOIroSzBUKGk6lng2v5HgmpD0nFwwgdEwZ19EFXnBadocbbSc10E/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-KSK4a.jpg" width="400" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghTPSs8CV4f5BUqcoUeNsvXFiMZKy31IR6JTgtLP2NAgjJyVvmGCwvYLM6zD-UD1W67XG2n-1UOgujia0LQf6HSlxaql6XOzTdvc66IzkM48W1vDUlCdKorZtd4njEbCG-x978JQ7usvxjt6yqFIvEfG6cHEG-3FGlvie0C1OliyrK0fIeRblZ2ytGSms/s1600/WhiteRoyal-KSK.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghTPSs8CV4f5BUqcoUeNsvXFiMZKy31IR6JTgtLP2NAgjJyVvmGCwvYLM6zD-UD1W67XG2n-1UOgujia0LQf6HSlxaql6XOzTdvc66IzkM48W1vDUlCdKorZtd4njEbCG-x978JQ7usvxjt6yqFIvEfG6cHEG-3FGlvie0C1OliyrK0fIeRblZ2ytGSms/w400-h266/WhiteRoyal-KSK.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A female White Royal resting on the leaf of the Rusty Mistletoe after ovipositing</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The complete <a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2008/03/life-history-of-white-royal.html" target="_blank">life history</a> of the White Royal has been successfully recorded in Singapore on its single caterpillar host plant, the Rusty Mistletoe (<i>Scurrula ferruginea</i>). This host plant, one of only a few parasitic and hemi-parasitic plants found in Singapore, is featured in an earlier blogpost about <a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2020/09/mistletoes-and-butterflies.html" target="_blank">Mistletoes</a> and their importance to the butterfly fauna in Singapore. At least 4 species of Lycaenidae caterpillars depends on the Rusty Mistletoe for survival and continued existence in Singapore.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Khew SK, Loh MY, Richard Ong, Horace Tan, May Yap and Yip Jen Wei</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></b></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-61124095150849306932024-01-31T11:20:00.003+08:002024-02-01T10:22:29.768+08:00Butterfly of the Month - January 2024<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - January 2024</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Fulvous Pied Flat</span> (<i>Pseudocoladenia dan dhyana</i>)</span></b><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSxF-Bp8zjRKJUcMpO641AJ4uoIEm655mjBgy7YZl_RT1RVOnHHMRjJ2FDe0C4xclaH1M_vF-v2Exxc6dJzK6C0906Z550QmDTx6nAD6I9IEE95E-iBM5Tu9B1bC07l0_vl86AhlHdcT6txLZnQSt9nY2XZ0S9i4E48TJ7YoI2N5XyeqTn0gtDDEMt6QI/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-KSK6.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSxF-Bp8zjRKJUcMpO641AJ4uoIEm655mjBgy7YZl_RT1RVOnHHMRjJ2FDe0C4xclaH1M_vF-v2Exxc6dJzK6C0906Z550QmDTx6nAD6I9IEE95E-iBM5Tu9B1bC07l0_vl86AhlHdcT6txLZnQSt9nY2XZ0S9i4E48TJ7YoI2N5XyeqTn0gtDDEMt6QI/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-KSK6.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A male Fulvous Pied Flat sunbathing on top of a leaf in the late afternoon</span></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">We kick start the Butterfly of the Month series with a species from the family Hesperiidae, or commonly referred to as Skippers. Skippers tend to fly rapidly and are often mistaken for moths. They have exceptionally large eyes and fat robust bodies. The sub-family Pyrginae, or Flats and Spread-Winged Skippers, is represented by 12 species from 8 genera in Singapore. Some are very rare and are classified Data Deficient in the latest Singapore Red Data Book, due to very few or very recent sightings and there is an element of doubt as to the species' existence in Singapore.</div></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV8zq6TT_HG05Xgfr0B6kU2mShOzbr7v2CWyCHQLgr8hGqaP-fKvPc1c1sOPmC64cQ-XrCWZr1aslv_paEnAruAyFp3R-R7PTiwB3QqgabNtfDfB6AiDpZT97c9V3ok-du1NXMHNZkw0ICXXjHEmOcOC6XCznMq_zGz24_hburP-nomEpbw-2WXwnl1To/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-AlsonTeo.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV8zq6TT_HG05Xgfr0B6kU2mShOzbr7v2CWyCHQLgr8hGqaP-fKvPc1c1sOPmC64cQ-XrCWZr1aslv_paEnAruAyFp3R-R7PTiwB3QqgabNtfDfB6AiDpZT97c9V3ok-du1NXMHNZkw0ICXXjHEmOcOC6XCznMq_zGz24_hburP-nomEpbw-2WXwnl1To/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-AlsonTeo.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__qxzzJefkoNQUfrNUJbMSBvLAfwnKD_lMITafxN8nw0NcLE2IXMKeAYE089Uy3mju9NCx8P0m9ZTo2MyIogVpv6kkU_tpSTtjmziQ_3cfdGYDVA-t4IRYE5y3nY-qYw88Sgz-2HbGipuS6kK8CHNyTeQHTsO3ctcy4n7IBM84-4Huuaf0xBWmaNvvz8/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-KSK4a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj__qxzzJefkoNQUfrNUJbMSBvLAfwnKD_lMITafxN8nw0NcLE2IXMKeAYE089Uy3mju9NCx8P0m9ZTo2MyIogVpv6kkU_tpSTtjmziQ_3cfdGYDVA-t4IRYE5y3nY-qYw88Sgz-2HbGipuS6kK8CHNyTeQHTsO3ctcy4n7IBM84-4Huuaf0xBWmaNvvz8/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-KSK4a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Fulvous Pied Flat - Male (Top) and Female (Bottom)</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our Butterfly of the Month for January 2024 is the <b><span style="color: red;">Fulvous Pied Flat</span></b> (<i>Pseudocoladenia dan dhyana</i>) a medium-sized species that was originally not recorded from Singapore in the early authors' reference checklists. It is hence deemed as a non-native or exotic species. However, after its discovery it has regularly been observed and hence appears to be naturalised with several colonies found in Singapore.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPoDyZfCQ8ScC_mNDqXx86TmtrNmpz_0fu1bIu_y_PL7Yw_mh45KaZM2EhPIVx0PN-qWQ-FqnzoETw1Io6973PAehn8OvqGUZ9VloE2tYFyPgafD_iW8GON4zgY-aOUqAP0zUxfrVcIkzaTaYr8P4h6_IhWnk2_s2xauk8DC8MvB491tNbAcWxpsapDpI/s400/FulvousPiedFlat-HoraceT.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPoDyZfCQ8ScC_mNDqXx86TmtrNmpz_0fu1bIu_y_PL7Yw_mh45KaZM2EhPIVx0PN-qWQ-FqnzoETw1Io6973PAehn8OvqGUZ9VloE2tYFyPgafD_iW8GON4zgY-aOUqAP0zUxfrVcIkzaTaYr8P4h6_IhWnk2_s2xauk8DC8MvB491tNbAcWxpsapDpI/w400-h268/FulvousPiedFlat-HoraceT.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2PicIf2fefm0uCp69mzmr8Ba_NP3qC9ehyw3r-m4iPD9x2zJmtdbAQLQbh1HUcy-3vH9mnlMC2cIBCMQwRxkkN5OPTh508Az2wmhzYejuVFe20xLMNBsOcM7nPjY38B5lDtWuJ4J4MvQofZGs63gyhke-6MxcU4HmEJvAx8Guc0xdJZsRCbWi4cBBUs/s2000/bcz8-FulvousPiedFlat.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2PicIf2fefm0uCp69mzmr8Ba_NP3qC9ehyw3r-m4iPD9x2zJmtdbAQLQbh1HUcy-3vH9mnlMC2cIBCMQwRxkkN5OPTh508Az2wmhzYejuVFe20xLMNBsOcM7nPjY38B5lDtWuJ4J4MvQofZGs63gyhke-6MxcU4HmEJvAx8Guc0xdJZsRCbWi4cBBUs/w400-h266/bcz8-FulvousPiedFlat.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-JnKlVlBzojrHxT3QGmBo763StgBbTfPoF_m775rES_DjKE6_Vd1D0C-YKsziP8c2RbsON177mouU1NCrUyPPQBqqLCUV9Wj6TUxgqHhTTDXrLUSl5HcNrrqKE9zPxDRdtU9WObMssCan1bEkVnhW0D_FAcDT05VtGSPLIh3yfouDutIaQ0OknWrqOR0/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-KSK2a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-JnKlVlBzojrHxT3QGmBo763StgBbTfPoF_m775rES_DjKE6_Vd1D0C-YKsziP8c2RbsON177mouU1NCrUyPPQBqqLCUV9Wj6TUxgqHhTTDXrLUSl5HcNrrqKE9zPxDRdtU9WObMssCan1bEkVnhW0D_FAcDT05VtGSPLIh3yfouDutIaQ0OknWrqOR0/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-KSK2a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">First spotted at the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, the species is closely associated with forested habitats where its caterpillar host plant, <i>Cyathula prostata</i> (Amaranthaceae) grows in abundance. The plant is not difficult to cultivate, and where it is found, can be common. It is a low growing plant, usually seen as ground cover and spreads quite fast when it grows. The species is widely distributed, with colonies found at Upper Seletar Reservoir Park and at the forested areas beside Cleantech One in Nanyang Avenue in Jurong.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfj4l4VYLR37Rx9akBeobKRkyRvGIyiNOiT_tcL2-xtmvDje-sukYappoSV-c3JAknqKBEylFv84EpreFeBcXmkg6aXrBzvOiloGct7uw4cJKl4SuEBElgmq5jSHA-AsY9Q5hLX2lBwEkhSNfsqkBqZp4bPirSQl4o6VhiTXYKRAcdFFwVz-T0SffXxM0/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-KSK5a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfj4l4VYLR37Rx9akBeobKRkyRvGIyiNOiT_tcL2-xtmvDje-sukYappoSV-c3JAknqKBEylFv84EpreFeBcXmkg6aXrBzvOiloGct7uw4cJKl4SuEBElgmq5jSHA-AsY9Q5hLX2lBwEkhSNfsqkBqZp4bPirSQl4o6VhiTXYKRAcdFFwVz-T0SffXxM0/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-KSK5a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgayv7TlcN-dDmN6yP1vlnLY0frS9r_HTs2CEiIFlZNzImobt1F7gmhxm3GdSuX2mL-Ispv9H9c6F0BD58jSY_rW_emE9TgQq6NDFiqCD0DA31DfVJwpkjVlCjUc78vH0wf_fK3he75oME_xigSJR33_J-NjO5zBDDeNChMk0QWbFchpPJtExvYmUH4fz8/s1761/FulvousPiedFlat-LeeYueTeng.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1480" data-original-width="1761" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgayv7TlcN-dDmN6yP1vlnLY0frS9r_HTs2CEiIFlZNzImobt1F7gmhxm3GdSuX2mL-Ispv9H9c6F0BD58jSY_rW_emE9TgQq6NDFiqCD0DA31DfVJwpkjVlCjUc78vH0wf_fK3he75oME_xigSJR33_J-NjO5zBDDeNChMk0QWbFchpPJtExvYmUH4fz8/w400-h336/FulvousPiedFlat-LeeYueTeng.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4N1jPgHaAIi7y8e_n8BY8iBvMClCITximTVipvSM2aQD00HEomi8LXuz5AvsUglLgmq0DgUcx5egvauB3C4cS8ir14xeEPW2FtbBYjanrsm7kdwUKtAQMxsC_rOKJHX1z3MlrHF27O8XCLgSjIg0qBWdJjurKXAaQHGafqZVk1vQHj9ZG1Owae2vhOW8/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-RichardOng.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4N1jPgHaAIi7y8e_n8BY8iBvMClCITximTVipvSM2aQD00HEomi8LXuz5AvsUglLgmq0DgUcx5egvauB3C4cS8ir14xeEPW2FtbBYjanrsm7kdwUKtAQMxsC_rOKJHX1z3MlrHF27O8XCLgSjIg0qBWdJjurKXAaQHGafqZVk1vQHj9ZG1Owae2vhOW8/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-RichardOng.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Fulvous Pied Flats feeding on various flowering plants</b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The common name of the Fulvous Pied Flat generally describes the species. Fulvous is an adjective that describes a dull yellowish-brown or tawny colour. Pied is an adjective that describes something that has two or more different colours usually in patches or spots. And being a member of the Pyrginae sub-family, it is a Flat that describes the behaviour of the species - usually perched with its wings spread open flat.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6AnbPvcneVV3jliB0qDY2DR9oRVcLpAFcwyziCR_k67UWm3ZjWeZHR7WkKRs2RqABLGrrHE9ThaMcNQbmLFYD9hJKTyUZNLJ4V_4Ir8xGZXg93RhgDQededd8Zil7ZuwQpaQWA4hOh-veHwECKuOm8Qg-j_ClUFpvKGnLWUUSDiLyBVa6kJCPBlavmXU/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-AshFoo2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6AnbPvcneVV3jliB0qDY2DR9oRVcLpAFcwyziCR_k67UWm3ZjWeZHR7WkKRs2RqABLGrrHE9ThaMcNQbmLFYD9hJKTyUZNLJ4V_4Ir8xGZXg93RhgDQededd8Zil7ZuwQpaQWA4hOh-veHwECKuOm8Qg-j_ClUFpvKGnLWUUSDiLyBVa6kJCPBlavmXU/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-AshFoo2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjmOPp1QUcbzwOBYxpGtYpsq_prjHmzYtkKPCkK4iS4i11HeYWl6vo5zmZsPwC2-dAEqqiTftj7tVyCWNU2ru0Thm7rkEcZI-2QDe71dH0CRSALOLfhS67jAQXZ8jQ6_lZ86ugWtQVuzDMyZp0LLx4UrqweTZUvqsTcOHG2Ve_VSiWAEwPGS9l57ccms0/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-MichaelSoh2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjmOPp1QUcbzwOBYxpGtYpsq_prjHmzYtkKPCkK4iS4i11HeYWl6vo5zmZsPwC2-dAEqqiTftj7tVyCWNU2ru0Thm7rkEcZI-2QDe71dH0CRSALOLfhS67jAQXZ8jQ6_lZ86ugWtQVuzDMyZp0LLx4UrqweTZUvqsTcOHG2Ve_VSiWAEwPGS9l57ccms0/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-MichaelSoh2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The Fulvous Pied Flat usually makes its appearance in the cool early hours of the morning. It can also be observed in the later part of the afternoon on hot sunny days, where it is seen to sunbathe on the top surfaces of leaves. During other times of the day, it tends to fly and perch on the undersides of leaves - a behaviour that is similar to many of the Pyrginae species.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyWAvH6dfjvcsdDKp4RYmJcwK26Llux_erpuJUuDeJ6nqfKCzeTfj63wS7opKes-iLdw9hGiMyeyZASv8RMSIuwWQ3eo996BpKxMXHTWQFvVwLRCaqGBO0zrKzPPugh5c-fHoCybCmfFoePsjtSp1KjjDJlf_qomBBToy0s5YaoCG65IEQ0vqUkh9CgjQ/s2000/FulvousPiedFlat-MichaelSoh.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyWAvH6dfjvcsdDKp4RYmJcwK26Llux_erpuJUuDeJ6nqfKCzeTfj63wS7opKes-iLdw9hGiMyeyZASv8RMSIuwWQ3eo996BpKxMXHTWQFvVwLRCaqGBO0zrKzPPugh5c-fHoCybCmfFoePsjtSp1KjjDJlf_qomBBToy0s5YaoCG65IEQ0vqUkh9CgjQ/w400-h266/FulvousPiedFlat-MichaelSoh.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The full life history has been <a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2008/12/life-history-of-fulvous-pied-flat.html" target="_blank">successfully recorded</a> in Singapore on the caterpillar host plant <i>Cyathula prostata</i>. This plant has a wide distribution and can be found in Asia, Australia, Africa and tropical America. Parts of the plant are used as food and medicines for diarrhoea, dysentery, pain-relief etc. Locally, this plant can be found in waste places, forest margins and alongside trails in the northern and western catchment reserves. All early stages of the Fulvous Pied Flat feed on the leaf lamina of the host plant and retreat to their leaf shelters between feeds. Typically, they rest in a curled-up posture within the shelter.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Ash Foo, Khew SK, Lee Yue Teng, Richard Ong, Michael Soh, Horace Tan and Alson Teo</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></b></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-49019445695132690212024-01-06T18:00:00.059+08:002024-01-09T20:53:45.941+08:00Life History of the Dwarf Crow<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the <span style="color: red;">Dwarf Crow</span> (<i>Euploea tulliolus ledereri</i>)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u> </b><br />
<b>Genus: </b><i>Euploea</i> Fabricius, 1807 <br />
<b>Species: </b><i>tulliolus</i> Fabricius, 1793 <br />
<b>Sub-species:</b> <i>ledereri</i> C. & R. Felder, 1860 <br />
<b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b>60-70mm<br />
<b>Caterpillar Local Host Plant: </b> <i>Malaisia scandens</i>, (Moraceae, syn: <i>Trophis scandens</i>, common name: Burny Vine).</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Upperside view of a female Dwarf Crow.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600;font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Physical Description of Adult Butterfly:</span> </span><!----><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">The Dwarf Crow is the smallest member of the <i>Euploea</i> genus. On the <b>upperside</b>, the wings are reddish brown and the apical portion of the forewing is deep-blue with a few bluish or whitish discal and submarginal spots. The hindwing is unmarked in the male but the female has submarginal series of small, diffused whitish spots. The male has much rounded wings and deeply curved forewing dorsum. There is no brand in the male's forewing, but there is a raised patch of pale yellow scent scales at the front part of the cell in the hindwing. On the <b>underside</b>, the wings are brown with the usual <i>Euploea</i> white spotting along the wing margins. </span> </div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Upperside view of a male Dwarf Crow.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600;font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour: </span><!----></span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;"> Dwarf Crow was earlier assumed to be locally extinct in Singapore, but since its re-discovery in 2002 in the offshore island of Pulau Ubin, it has been regularly observed there. From time to time, the species can be rather abundent at certain localities. In its habitats, the adults have been observed visiting flowers of various weeds and cultivated plants for nectar. The males also have the habit of puddling on wet grounds for minerals. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A group of Dwarf Crow seen during a time of abundance.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600;font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Early Stages:</span> </span><!----><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A video clip showing the adult and immature stages of the Dwarf Crow.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Only one local host plant, <i>Malaisia scandens</i> (syn: <i>Trophis scandens</i>, Burny Vine), has been recorded thus far. This vine is rather common in Pulau Ubin, and this is probably the main reason behind the frequent sightings of Dwarf Crow in the offshore island. Caterpillars of the Dwarf Crow mainly feed on young to immature leaves of the vine. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Host plant: <i>Malaisia scandens</i> (Burny Vine). </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Eggs of the Dwarf Crow are laid singly on the underside of a leaf (typically young leaf) of the host plant. The creamy yellow eggs are tall (about 1.3mm in height) and somewhat cylindrical (diameter: about 0.85mm) with a rounded top. The egg surface is ribbed. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Far view of an egg of the Dwarf Crow laid on the underside of a young leaf of Burny Vine. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Close-up view of an egg of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a fully developed egg of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The egg takes about 3 days to hatch. The young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell. The rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched, which has a length of about 2.5mm. The newly hatched has a pale yellowish body and black head capsule. A pair of very short and inconspicuous protuberances can be found on the dorsum of each of the 2nd, 3rd thoracic segments and the 8th abdominal segment. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly hatched caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Once the newly hatched moves on to feed on the leaf lamina, its body starts to take on a green undertone. All its legs also turn conspiculously black in colour. In the final half day of the 1st instar, the body takes on a dark yellowish coloration, with the short protuberances turning dark brown at the same time. This first instar lasts for about 1.5 days with the body length doubled up to 5 mm. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 3.2mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 4.8mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 1st instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, dormant prior to its moult, length: 5mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The body of the 2nd instar caterpillar has yellowish brown transverse rings interspersed with whitish stripes. A whitish band runs sub-spiracularly across the body segments. Another change is the slight lengthening of the 6 tiny protuberances, each of which is dark brown in colour. There are two small black spots on the dorsum of the prothorax, and one black patch (anal plate) on the posterior end of the body. This instar lasts only 1.5 days with the body length reaching 8.5mm before the moult to the 3rd instar. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 8.4mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 2nd instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, dormant prior to its moult. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The 3rd instar caterpillar is similar in appearance to the 2nd instar caterpillar with one obvious change being the proportionally longer protuberances, especially the pair present on the 2nd thoracic segment. In some specimens, two faint whitish lateral streaks appear on the black head capsule. This instar takes about 1.5 days to complete with body length reaching up to about 13.5mm.</span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 3rd instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 13.5mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 3rd instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, dormant prior to its moult. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Compared to the 3rd instar, the 4th instar caterpillar has proportionally longer protuberances which also have its color changed to reddish brown. The pair of protuberances on the 2nd thoracic segment is the longest among the three pairs present. On the body segments, the transverse white stripes have become more prominent with one stripe being broader on the dorsum of each abdominal segment. More strikingly, all yellowish brown transverse rings turn reddish as growth progresses in this instar. Small yellowish to orangy patches are also featured above the sub-spiracular white band. The black head capsule features two frontal, and oblique white stripes and an outer peripheral white ring. This instar lasts about 2.5 days with the body length reaching about 24.5mm.</span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 4th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 19.5mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 21mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 4th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, dormant prior to its moult. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The 5th instar caterpillar is largely similar to the 4th instar caterpillar except for having proportionately longer protuberances. Generally, the reddish transverse rings are broader than those in the previous instar, giving the caterpillar a more striking appearance. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 5th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 26mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 31mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 5th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, length: 26mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The 5th instar lasts about 2.5-3 days, and the body length reaches up to 31-33mm. On the last day, the caterpillar ceases feeding, and its body becomes shortened and decolorised to a shade of pale yellowish brown. For pupation, the caterpillar typically chooses a spot on the mid-rib of a leaf underside. At this pupation site, the caterpillar spins a silk pad from which it then hangs vertically to take on the pre-pupatory pose.</span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 5th instar caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow, with body in the midst of decolorization. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Three views of a pre-pupatory caterpillar of the Dwarf Crow </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Pupation takes place about 0.5 days after the caterpillar assumes the hanging posture. The
pupa has a length of about 18-19mm, and suspends itself from the silk pad with no
supporting silk girdle. Initially, the pupa is in a light shade of pale
yellowish brown, but the surface gradually takes on a silvery
glitter about a day later. The pupa is rather rotund, and has a few
tiny black spots on the dorsum. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Three views of a newly formed pupa of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Three views of a one-day old pupa of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Three views of a maturing pupa of the Dwarf Crow. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Three views of a fully developed pupa of the Dwarf Crow with eclosion to occur soon. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">After about 6 days of development, the pupal turns black as the development within the pupal case comes to an end. The white spots on the forewing upperside become discernible through the now translucent skin. In the following morning, the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case, and perches nearby to expand and dry its wings before taking its first flight. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A newly eclosed Dwarf Crow hanging on to its pupal case.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">References:</span></b><br />
<ul><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">
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<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">[C&P5]</span><b>
The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M.
Pendlebury, G. and N. van der Poorten (Eds.), 5th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 2020.</b>
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</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd Edition, 2012.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2018/02/seasonal-butterfly-appearances.html"><b>Seasonal Appearances - Featuring the Dwarf Crow (<i>Euploea tulliolus ledereri</i>)</a>, Khew S.K., ButterflyCircle blog, 24 Feb. 2018.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore, Khew S.K., Ink On Paper Communications, 2nd Edition, 2015. </b></span></li>
</span></ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Bob Cheong, David Ho, Khew S K, Loh Mei Yee, Loke PF, Jonathan Soong and Horace Tan.</b></span>
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Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-12635748942086111392023-12-31T21:47:00.000+08:002023-12-31T21:47:27.261+08:00Butterfly of the Month - December 2023<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - December 2023</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Dark Flat</span> (<i>Tapena thwaitesi bornea</i>)</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsUn1VzzCdaraQrx-KXqhqOWK4JPlhAgRc8i39SpOIg6GRrQSGuipg-5rOM3KP4Jf7ssXJijDMgIDd7WzMiABuieDNgKnIXPzErB0-N0vD0uC9I9hyphenhyphenCVtPwTkWBtS3pWfDTILm6d_VhKg_0jjDWdjZqTfAspz6dQycEtJ-c8jQfPcOKNzCzLsmi7NCxDE/s2048/DarkFlat-SebastianOw.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1366" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsUn1VzzCdaraQrx-KXqhqOWK4JPlhAgRc8i39SpOIg6GRrQSGuipg-5rOM3KP4Jf7ssXJijDMgIDd7WzMiABuieDNgKnIXPzErB0-N0vD0uC9I9hyphenhyphenCVtPwTkWBtS3pWfDTILm6d_VhKg_0jjDWdjZqTfAspz6dQycEtJ-c8jQfPcOKNzCzLsmi7NCxDE/w400-h266/DarkFlat-SebastianOw.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A female Dark Flat feeds on <i>Bidens alba </i>flower at a forest edge</b></span></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">December 2023 is almost over, and we count down to a new year ahead! Christmas has come and gone, as we reflect on what we have achieved over the past year and make resolutions and set targets for the new year. The month of December belongs to the astrological sign Sagittarius. For those born between 23 November to 21 December, you are a Sagittarian. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo and Virgo in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, <span style="color: red;"><b>Sagittarius</b></span>, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgdChkeoPMsyYnjkoqpYayj2vfJCczZ5kJSTCneSG6NH-zDVd4Waia2WUJqwvFYSKfUzp54d-wtYVYBb_XQgKjgHoBSY0XFD8mscLGaD-E2TC-oz6qpsNiZ-Fif9gbQfTqFHqoOR4N_4vOa1-snJ8EsN2KSXbJ4M2czEoNiV0Nrb3EyyG25H3AISI7tQg/s2000/DarkFlat-FedHo.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgdChkeoPMsyYnjkoqpYayj2vfJCczZ5kJSTCneSG6NH-zDVd4Waia2WUJqwvFYSKfUzp54d-wtYVYBb_XQgKjgHoBSY0XFD8mscLGaD-E2TC-oz6qpsNiZ-Fif9gbQfTqFHqoOR4N_4vOa1-snJ8EsN2KSXbJ4M2czEoNiV0Nrb3EyyG25H3AISI7tQg/w400-h266/DarkFlat-FedHo.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A male Dark Flat puddling at a damp footpath</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Sagittarius (♐︎) (Greek: Τοξότης, romanized: Toxótēs, Latin for "archer") is the ninth astrological sign, which is associated with the half human and half horse, Centaur of mythology - the learned healer whose higher intelligence forms a bridge between Earth and Heaven. Also known as the Archer, Sagittarius is represented by the symbol of a bow and arrow. As an archer, Sagittarius never fails in hitting the mark and this depiction alludes to the power of prophecy, hence, the claim that seers and prophets are born in this sign.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglvFgToa8bWYK8OFR11WSJ3n8a_DCJ3bDXlP_EXFwkm6UOuO9NPHzuyTNlAe9Y4tQoFz7lT2bqUC3eE9efB3cb1b89DRGSIsoe80BKICzLNPjzpowjcY-Qh5O4rLHKUUtZKaKmTf8Rm5mOUe2ma-ITKuHMoDYO5vWp6oNOxf2_y35rfwuKVYbsGZvH7CY/s600/DF_adult_Loke_02.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglvFgToa8bWYK8OFR11WSJ3n8a_DCJ3bDXlP_EXFwkm6UOuO9NPHzuyTNlAe9Y4tQoFz7lT2bqUC3eE9efB3cb1b89DRGSIsoe80BKICzLNPjzpowjcY-Qh5O4rLHKUUtZKaKmTf8Rm5mOUe2ma-ITKuHMoDYO5vWp6oNOxf2_y35rfwuKVYbsGZvH7CY/w400-h266/DF_adult_Loke_02.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Underside of a puddling male Dark Flat</b></span></div><br /><span style="text-align: justify;">The primary strength of Sagittarians is their optimism. Being born with a bold, jovial disposition, Sagittarians usually find it easy to feel happy, enthusiastic, and to see the bright side of life. Being influenced by Jupiter's affirming and confident nature, Sagittarians rarely succumb to self-doubt and are usually able to propel themselves forward in life, believing that everything will work out for the best.</span><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXsN1hdmFYBlQb7ATFWDFhrFJr2UegR3yuBXQZmNa7UPDKJrjPYPM6ocncv4wRFXQOl4uO8gXwam_IlLbu1bCP51PyKsSuee7WsQWqz3XsM0Nh6elyoVvInp69ERh8a9r4ukPioMeNFNDMW3PzzxuXX-18cw0ssI415m5oxNiY03FxamWWYwDl_RG-ZlU/s2000/DarkFlat-ZickSoh.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXsN1hdmFYBlQb7ATFWDFhrFJr2UegR3yuBXQZmNa7UPDKJrjPYPM6ocncv4wRFXQOl4uO8gXwam_IlLbu1bCP51PyKsSuee7WsQWqz3XsM0Nh6elyoVvInp69ERh8a9r4ukPioMeNFNDMW3PzzxuXX-18cw0ssI415m5oxNiY03FxamWWYwDl_RG-ZlU/w400-h266/DarkFlat-ZickSoh.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigIJ9qJzEqnqymR9R7MdREroM-peGbMOi7bjAU8__IORiI4i1jnVRMUotx-QfWnjHQZnJtoNugSuJvoPn1B_b04vmyz4yjB0IQkyh0O-PUYcY6GTm08nCfSS-knuB6KwdT3Z39YG_pMqTTh9U6cS7O8qqZEdO0X4XOTOlJy-9kQNNGL4f0kdd9wga11tI/s600/DF_adult_Henry_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigIJ9qJzEqnqymR9R7MdREroM-peGbMOi7bjAU8__IORiI4i1jnVRMUotx-QfWnjHQZnJtoNugSuJvoPn1B_b04vmyz4yjB0IQkyh0O-PUYcY6GTm08nCfSS-knuB6KwdT3Z39YG_pMqTTh9U6cS7O8qqZEdO0X4XOTOlJy-9kQNNGL4f0kdd9wga11tI/w400-h274/DF_adult_Henry_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Personal integrity is very important to Sagittarians, and they will have a difficult time accepting a situation which puts them in situations they feel to be false or inauthentic roles, ideas, or laws. Sagittarians are very unlikely to be possessive or materialistic since their lives prioritize being able to change, move, and adapt easily. Though they can be non-committal, they are also rarely jealous, extending the same freedoms to others who would also love to enjoy themselves.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdp2I_EJfUxf8T5wL_2tIAGXDW34GcObdh_moY4h4VB5tKmgiwOjvRkFoLJoQQTy9HCr6vH38JxbO5fPvAS30XnOXhT3H2gbH1NH9egElPZmgUbw5-HR8vHRiLdxVlIUSe3oYN_MCdRdflGVdjwxGvo7pzSYBiRNnkO8ieGRcfUHmRUJ1EMVuoPKped9s/s600/DF_adult_Anthony_02.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdp2I_EJfUxf8T5wL_2tIAGXDW34GcObdh_moY4h4VB5tKmgiwOjvRkFoLJoQQTy9HCr6vH38JxbO5fPvAS30XnOXhT3H2gbH1NH9egElPZmgUbw5-HR8vHRiLdxVlIUSe3oYN_MCdRdflGVdjwxGvo7pzSYBiRNnkO8ieGRcfUHmRUJ1EMVuoPKped9s/w400-h266/DF_adult_Anthony_02.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Sagittarians will passionately state their points of view or principles in the moment, yet reserve the right to always change their mind, stating just as passionately their amended views later on. This can be disorienting for others who were sure they knew a Sagittarian's position on a matter, giving them a reputation for being fickle, or at times unreliable. Due to their adventurous spirit, and love of change and travel, Sagittarians are famously non-committal when it comes to plans, as they also reserve the right to change their agendas with their moods.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfC0Shc7kx5-Tnv9fJctBiB9OViZXu6s9mr5d3PvD8LjYH9dvA1HyJ17sguHXrqg1MrumwM3clNX7WjZfZVrZPg0SiiAYyENs4y8N89VvnFrrKNVzwT4L9oMOcBPE0xJGoSmwkkvdFVMJLjwD3WbVh0u2iEa6fdDtrXChRBddVFieq_jTGo1ljV4c7p48/s2000/DarkFlat-LeeYueTeng.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfC0Shc7kx5-Tnv9fJctBiB9OViZXu6s9mr5d3PvD8LjYH9dvA1HyJ17sguHXrqg1MrumwM3clNX7WjZfZVrZPg0SiiAYyENs4y8N89VvnFrrKNVzwT4L9oMOcBPE0xJGoSmwkkvdFVMJLjwD3WbVh0u2iEa6fdDtrXChRBddVFieq_jTGo1ljV4c7p48/w400-h266/DarkFlat-LeeYueTeng.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCL3YriN01mM8JZzaW3oTCU1kA-vrwT83Jtz7l_r5GxRkJtbTlTuc0FP6epGf2A7jkqTxkZhc28uX_DKAfZ3qi6Jrf0h8tPdUMpc_z79LprP5yz4Kzemls29S5KTDzCgwAV42M7yeg16TTnNZaWz4xeakSLXypNzo91MJcyGrof6wfVtFmTox0c4RRqd8/s2000/DarkFlat-MarkWong.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCL3YriN01mM8JZzaW3oTCU1kA-vrwT83Jtz7l_r5GxRkJtbTlTuc0FP6epGf2A7jkqTxkZhc28uX_DKAfZ3qi6Jrf0h8tPdUMpc_z79LprP5yz4Kzemls29S5KTDzCgwAV42M7yeg16TTnNZaWz4xeakSLXypNzo91MJcyGrof6wfVtFmTox0c4RRqd8/w400-h266/DarkFlat-MarkWong.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Female (top) and male (bottom) Dark Flats</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The final Butterfly of the Month for 2023 is the moderately rare skipper, The <b><span style="color: red;">Dark Flat</span></b> (<i>Tapena thwaitesi bornea</i>). It belongs to the subfamily Pyrginae from the family Hesperiidae, referred collectively as "Flats", where the adult skippers are usually observed with their wings spread opened flat. It was a new discovery for Singapore when first recorded in the 1990's as it was not on the early authors' checklists for Singapore. It is the sole representative of its genus <i>Tapena </i>in the region.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2aCQWr4z_vMLqu_8n_aApEJB4gILInuv1PmR0Xr3FTCrQBZUqqJQ6mtuRPsUksqTjr4nP4DpeyTACpk2jkUdUAzlG_w10mn2oVMlmHN7KYvznZqLLXGf-vQKrVSUhr_IeENu2YPPbUseBvpnMWtNDaapNY9lDkJ2IbXjh0HiQEIAles7vKfN7OmOgbpg/s2000/DarkFlat-KSK4.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2aCQWr4z_vMLqu_8n_aApEJB4gILInuv1PmR0Xr3FTCrQBZUqqJQ6mtuRPsUksqTjr4nP4DpeyTACpk2jkUdUAzlG_w10mn2oVMlmHN7KYvznZqLLXGf-vQKrVSUhr_IeENu2YPPbUseBvpnMWtNDaapNY9lDkJ2IbXjh0HiQEIAles7vKfN7OmOgbpg/w400-h266/DarkFlat-KSK4.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Though moderately rare, it makes its appearance regularly in the forested areas of Singapore, and is widely distributed across the island. It is usually skittish and a fast-flyer but is able to be photographed when perching on the tops of leaves to sunbathe, or puddling on bird droppings and other organic matter on the forest floor.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghhifu_A4FeP-Vu6Iq5TJeWbWinFmDHFCchT8Nv_2KceeP_HyoV8ov2aBi6EvkhAW2X1tA5wheOqawqDJADaPtJWPZqJDWyUSmda8rus0NFV5f0CRtL0V1K92gujxL-XMyuf4Cduq-e5ioAOZkE6CaUzePpaDju6i19fTNv9VBlhvP9g6OaJI5gU2Te-k/s2000/DarkFlat-KSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghhifu_A4FeP-Vu6Iq5TJeWbWinFmDHFCchT8Nv_2KceeP_HyoV8ov2aBi6EvkhAW2X1tA5wheOqawqDJADaPtJWPZqJDWyUSmda8rus0NFV5f0CRtL0V1K92gujxL-XMyuf4Cduq-e5ioAOZkE6CaUzePpaDju6i19fTNv9VBlhvP9g6OaJI5gU2Te-k/w400-h266/DarkFlat-KSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Underside of a female Dark Flat</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Dark Flat is a dark brown on the upperside with obscure dark blotchy patches on both wings. On the forewing, there are usually two or three small hyaline subapical spots in the male. The female sports a few larger hyaline spots at the cell end on both wings and is usually larger in size. The species has been successfully bred in Singapore on the host plant <i>Dalbergia rostrata </i>(Leguminosae).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Federick Ho, Khew SK, Henry Koh, Lee YT, Loke PF, Sebastian Ow, Zick Soh, Anthony Wong and Mark Wong</span></b></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-32966735041686822472023-12-16T18:00:00.004+08:002023-12-19T16:39:41.494+08:00Life History of the Pale Fourline Blue<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the <span style="color: red;">Pale Fourline Blue</span> (<i>Nacaduba hermus swatipa</i>)</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF9Ag-Ff1BswTom7gL03apbqxPo4IaRAVuSc_bg00ol6M8UZ9mx9WiWKtvqArgL2RrVMXumKN29KWjrUa7k2rfDh30-19jFfdd6jbeDMUAXrNMGqLQWnlqfz8fyZ6rJpYwSgRtf-glWv3mQ8cuOaLGEFsEpe6xPRpRbRm8ELCyEjiwBHy5-7Fq9D7LYy0/s2000/bcz8-PaleFourlineBlue04.jpg""><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF9Ag-Ff1BswTom7gL03apbqxPo4IaRAVuSc_bg00ol6M8UZ9mx9WiWKtvqArgL2RrVMXumKN29KWjrUa7k2rfDh30-19jFfdd6jbeDMUAXrNMGqLQWnlqfz8fyZ6rJpYwSgRtf-glWv3mQ8cuOaLGEFsEpe6xPRpRbRm8ELCyEjiwBHy5-7Fq9D7LYy0/s400/bcz8-PaleFourlineBlue04.jpg"/></a></div>
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">
<b><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u> </b><br />
<b>Genus: </b><i>Nacaduba</i> Moore, 1881<br />
<b>Species: </b><i>hermus </i> C. Felder, 1860<br />
<b>Subspecies: </b><i>swatipa</i> Corbet, 1938<br />
<b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b>27-30mm<br />
<b>Caterpillar Local Host Plant: </b> <i>Barringtionia racemosa</i> (Lecythidaceae, common name: Common Putat, Fish-Killer Tree, Fish-Poison Tree, 水茄笗, 玉蕊).</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgYmnZUTXGZ5Sx-REEZdSLLcniL_sEfgPrjtr26N_CMmJxGsvJo5CF38bW61rcRbkqDJlpLCwGYEUpb69Ol666C-hgSP8oTdSYykFRw4M_BXFghXa-cGWiZIfA32u2LYRsgkqoN1u6D9LzK_Q4muBLBhG3x94WZYCD4kfTB-APTYqrTho4bOgp3MAutBw/s800/P4LB_female_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgYmnZUTXGZ5Sx-REEZdSLLcniL_sEfgPrjtr26N_CMmJxGsvJo5CF38bW61rcRbkqDJlpLCwGYEUpb69Ol666C-hgSP8oTdSYykFRw4M_BXFghXa-cGWiZIfA32u2LYRsgkqoN1u6D9LzK_Q4muBLBhG3x94WZYCD4kfTB-APTYqrTho4bOgp3MAutBw/s400/P4LB_female_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A female Pale Fourline Blue resting on a flower of <i>Bidens alba</i> (Spanish Needle).</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1XKLeU6fIEg-k6oz6oDqnhKzT0PfsxYxCoURRI2R_D7_w-ZYSMITmza3jURYaRZyzEgw5QeKZqnf-6N-PCaySejKWgNoIijpXJAqzEHDGzr4C1ARDwO5zN0XF4jhvUsUQKy0ApZE-DExZfiF_BOnXUjJcF9QWrsvZ3HH6O1WowrI2H9rUcyXjyqls8lI/s2000/bcz8-PaleFourlineBlue05.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1XKLeU6fIEg-k6oz6oDqnhKzT0PfsxYxCoURRI2R_D7_w-ZYSMITmza3jURYaRZyzEgw5QeKZqnf-6N-PCaySejKWgNoIijpXJAqzEHDGzr4C1ARDwO5zN0XF4jhvUsUQKy0ApZE-DExZfiF_BOnXUjJcF9QWrsvZ3HH6O1WowrI2H9rUcyXjyqls8lI/s400/bcz8-PaleFourlineBlue05.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A male Pale Fourline Blue resting on a flower of <i>Tridax procumbens</i> (Coat Buttons).</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXz4fni4BJ94VVmTqXMaDzwyeDIFS7A9jQMFjBT44sZzcyYxq29Fy8G8asew2jus91BwdC16QkS99bXilrYhRsMEZKYenf8UprovsHpl0-4TzbL2HG2uvGa3RSXtCV5LbgHT_2lbeo8quyNezG4psa97uQrua7H05C3QjNqL8Sk50lSguqzWjw7_AEPKM/s800/P4LB_female_06.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXz4fni4BJ94VVmTqXMaDzwyeDIFS7A9jQMFjBT44sZzcyYxq29Fy8G8asew2jus91BwdC16QkS99bXilrYhRsMEZKYenf8UprovsHpl0-4TzbL2HG2uvGa3RSXtCV5LbgHT_2lbeo8quyNezG4psa97uQrua7H05C3QjNqL8Sk50lSguqzWjw7_AEPKM/s400/P4LB_female_06.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A female Pale Fourline Blue visiting inflorescence of <i>Leea indica</i> (Bandicoot Berry).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Physical Description of Adult Butterfly: </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">As a member of the <span style="font-style: italic;">pavana</span> group, the adult does not have a basal pair of lines in the underside forewing cell. <b>Above</b>, the male is violet blue (with a slightly frosted appearance) with a thread-thin border; the female is pale shining blue with broad brown borders. <b>Underneath</b>, both sexes are greyish brown with the bands (post-discal, discal and basal) composed of a double series of whitish striae inwardly lined with dark striae. Forewing postdiscal band is usually not dislocated at vein 6. On each hindwing, there is an orange-crowned tornal spot in space 2 lightly speckled with bluish-green metalic scales. Next to the tornal spot, a pair of filamentous white-tipped tails occurs at end of vein 2. Marginal and submarginal spots are dark greyish brown, and submarginal spots are mostly broadly lunulate. In the hindwing, the postdiscal band is usually close to the submarginal band. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmO_PYgSp0hVkaEiQuRBpDrOx-bnMtlarsTJ0exnkCio6qPQEy_Lu1qScNp-reMuaCbyXIJmPB6d0GBnbdhKNFSS9PGMq-Sd0Z85W3fnZvUQfrXG3SVB1aObpEECysjhyphenhypheny8v3f8ChtEAM8vyLWhED4-xLVHgpMo7evs_ymctCXXkIYBfosnqAY5BNaCU/s800/P4LB_male_09.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmO_PYgSp0hVkaEiQuRBpDrOx-bnMtlarsTJ0exnkCio6qPQEy_Lu1qScNp-reMuaCbyXIJmPB6d0GBnbdhKNFSS9PGMq-Sd0Z85W3fnZvUQfrXG3SVB1aObpEECysjhyphenhypheny8v3f8ChtEAM8vyLWhED4-xLVHgpMo7evs_ymctCXXkIYBfosnqAY5BNaCU/s400/P4LB_male_09.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A male Pale Fourline Blue resting on a tree trunk in a nature park.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgccnIjwDznSP9iqUn3d6DspKw2zk5CLkkqc4AfP3R4IMF1-8D4PvShP5UaYgM0GIo8ajLCO_ADgqjEty1sJyN8Groc-Dhrt2Jox9cKnnHwH1rKXch79xm3vfM8FbD_7Ax2x0WcncXOtIwqAvB1OfOsg8MVTMhyippmCBvYpzD_OELFjIcc9yVvHUQlEGc/s800/P4LB_male_upperside.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgccnIjwDznSP9iqUn3d6DspKw2zk5CLkkqc4AfP3R4IMF1-8D4PvShP5UaYgM0GIo8ajLCO_ADgqjEty1sJyN8Groc-Dhrt2Jox9cKnnHwH1rKXch79xm3vfM8FbD_7Ax2x0WcncXOtIwqAvB1OfOsg8MVTMhyippmCBvYpzD_OELFjIcc9yVvHUQlEGc/s400/P4LB_male_upperside.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A male Pale Fourline Blue showing its violet blue upperside.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKaW6jvcEVdt_qC2hYCRuh69_Z-rxE4WJnw2H2FAPUchf2wr6qFXgfCPSaG9mWaDj007jSrs_rWsg1bx0S4O2G-mi_etcU3dps_ghg-I-fJOKEnpelypoBXMu2jKZrw-mX00aZAD9K1ROSKAa7RvTH-CRjxwGD0XuEfj9cHLMbdkMDdezkAtTn53w8lMU/s800/P4LB_male_02.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKaW6jvcEVdt_qC2hYCRuh69_Z-rxE4WJnw2H2FAPUchf2wr6qFXgfCPSaG9mWaDj007jSrs_rWsg1bx0S4O2G-mi_etcU3dps_ghg-I-fJOKEnpelypoBXMu2jKZrw-mX00aZAD9K1ROSKAa7RvTH-CRjxwGD0XuEfj9cHLMbdkMDdezkAtTn53w8lMU/s400/P4LB_male_02.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A male Pale Fourline Blue resting on a broken stem.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilqRr4A5FRVBAYyEceROPrJ_BonpZVNPrr6p3s6AXwCL7J0wlkTc-cmRoqUqNGTvyAp5HyUVGcuj7R2hrov_N-L3P5MgWh65cIsdEGXXYgaMpZhPaLI87xVYxT3GAJIjJZpUnirg-LGvPpsEnVliL7uJ1lNZqtuZAsQ90URE8j8MQqs7veB_yr4eb9ZEM/s2000/bcz8-PaleFourlineBlue01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilqRr4A5FRVBAYyEceROPrJ_BonpZVNPrr6p3s6AXwCL7J0wlkTc-cmRoqUqNGTvyAp5HyUVGcuj7R2hrov_N-L3P5MgWh65cIsdEGXXYgaMpZhPaLI87xVYxT3GAJIjJZpUnirg-LGvPpsEnVliL7uJ1lNZqtuZAsQ90URE8j8MQqs7veB_yr4eb9ZEM/s400/bcz8-PaleFourlineBlue01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A male Pale Fourline Blue feedinig on a flower of <i>Tridax procumbens</i> (Coat Buttons).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour: </span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">The Pale Fourline Blue was recorded by early researchers in Singapore, but the species has been rarely sighted in the past two decades. However, in the second half of this year, sightings have increased markedly, thanks to the keen eyes of a few devoted young naturalists. These recent sightings are confined to the central and northern parts of the Singapore island where the local host plant, <i>Barringtonia racemosa</i>, is growing in abundance. The adults have been seen flying in the vicinity of the host plant, visiting flowering plants, puddling on wet grounds and performing oviposition rituals at developing inflorenscences of the host plant.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-B5TyXPA6uoVmIqiZP8p3DxxcWWaW0MuY2d3tsIVhlXpJN90dcabf2AFRUS9-iL6GhuOmfJwx5LKOJSGV3t13C0iR2EfzxEbtEpkgYz60HAk97ozgQoPLvRhApuzMPbBmaXrvSkOzA439kmF3A9p5TcN_LLh2Yaawn-uJLguuOk9MWXmDn6qIrEsOuc/s800/P4LB_male_04.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-B5TyXPA6uoVmIqiZP8p3DxxcWWaW0MuY2d3tsIVhlXpJN90dcabf2AFRUS9-iL6GhuOmfJwx5LKOJSGV3t13C0iR2EfzxEbtEpkgYz60HAk97ozgQoPLvRhApuzMPbBmaXrvSkOzA439kmF3A9p5TcN_LLh2Yaawn-uJLguuOk9MWXmDn6qIrEsOuc/s400/P4LB_male_04.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A male Pale Fourline Blue resting on a tree trunk in a nature park.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAXeH-b2_y8eWzDH7u3xXW-O5PyZllr0LSBGLIrkaudSLRVLFtzGVe16yXzgR_euz-mDdiNyyJTzzNCuNZ2OO64BvDakEHSyEE4-WGR1Bmn4FotKusufwD6_g0K_5yJJXGz4QEEITyyS2R3PGdfIG_-z-3UhHoMzMUpsDuTJ5PQ48RSowRN2jRotCxYOQ/s800/P4LB_adult_Zick_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAXeH-b2_y8eWzDH7u3xXW-O5PyZllr0LSBGLIrkaudSLRVLFtzGVe16yXzgR_euz-mDdiNyyJTzzNCuNZ2OO64BvDakEHSyEE4-WGR1Bmn4FotKusufwD6_g0K_5yJJXGz4QEEITyyS2R3PGdfIG_-z-3UhHoMzMUpsDuTJ5PQ48RSowRN2jRotCxYOQ/s400/P4LB_adult_Zick_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A Pale Fourline Blue checking out a flower bud of <i>Barringtonia racemosa</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A female Pale Fourline Blue perching on a leaf surface in a nature park.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Another female Pale Fourline Blue perching on a leaf surface in a nature park.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Early Stages:</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">The Pale Fourline Blue is polyphagous. In other countries/regions, plants such as <i>Entada rheedii</i>, <i>Embelia subcoriacea</i> and <i>Nephelium lappaceum</i> have been recorded as larval hosts. However, for Singapore, only one local host plant, <i>Barringtonia racemosa</i>, has thus far been recorded. The caterpillars of the Pale Fourline Blue mainly feed on flower buds of <i>Barringtonia racemosa</i>, but at times, also feed on the rachis and pedicel of the inflorescence. As in the case for most lycaenidae species, the caterpillars of the Pale Fourline Blue are tended by a number of ant species.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Local host plant: <i>Barringtonia racemosa</i>. Left: leaves in clusters. Right: an inflorescence bearing flower buds.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A mother Pale Fourline BLue ovipositing on a flower bud of <span style="font-style: italic;">Barringtonia racemosa</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A mother Pale Fourline BLue ovipositing on a young flower bud of <span style="font-style: italic;">Barringtonia racemosa</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">Eggs are laid singly on a flower bud or the rachis of an inflorescence of <i>Barringtonia racemosa</i>. It is not uncommon for a number of eggs to be found in the same inflorescence. Each egg is whitish with a green undertone. It has a thick discoid shape, and features a depressed micropylar on top. The egg surface is finely reticulated, slightly raised at the intersections of criss-crossing ridges. Th egg has a diameter of about 0.5mm.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Eggs on flower buds of <i>Barringtonia racemosa</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of an egg of the Pale Fourline Blue. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">It takes about 3 days for the egg to hatch. The young caterpillar consumes part of the egg shell to emerge. With a length of about 0.9mm, it has a pale yellowish body with long setae (hairs) dorsally and sub-spiracularly. The head is black in colour in this instar. The body color changes gradually to a brighter shade of yellow as growth progresses. The first instar lasts for 2-3 days and the body length reaches about 1.8mm before the moult to the 2nd instar. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a newly hatched caterpillar having its few meal on a flower bud</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, length: 1.1mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">An early 1st instar caterpillar exploring a flower bud. Inset: a close-up view.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, late in this stage, length: 1.8mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">In the second instar, dorsal setae are much shortened proportionately compared to those in the first instar. Moreover, there are numerous short setae present all over the body surface. The body color is mainly yellow with a hint of reddish brown in the anterior and posterior segments. In some individuals, the pale reddish brown coloration is more extensive. The 2nd instar lasts for 2-3 days and the caterpillar grows to a length of about 3.3mm to 3.5mm.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, freshly moulted to this instar.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, early in this instar, length: 1.9mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 3.4mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A 2nd instar caterpillar observed in the field feeding on a flower bud.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A 2nd instar caterpillar observed in the field with an ant attending to it.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlaD4uTbtqF4CSuNHb4zFNLBjV2CJEoQqoO6QhahNV5h9OWK6XHpj7ulItO07D-6wMNzewFo1Ev4wiKtvVk5CtRs4GeeGzcHFuWrrpaQBbVoQCwgy9vfXEmmzzJ2mJLj-B7ftAwgUKB-chqAkg_4lVkXk5iph8n3_89AvQoHH7J0urLvccnmdYr9uHt0Q/s800/P4LB_L2_late_3p1mm.jpg" "><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlaD4uTbtqF4CSuNHb4zFNLBjV2CJEoQqoO6QhahNV5h9OWK6XHpj7ulItO07D-6wMNzewFo1Ev4wiKtvVk5CtRs4GeeGzcHFuWrrpaQBbVoQCwgy9vfXEmmzzJ2mJLj-B7ftAwgUKB-chqAkg_4lVkXk5iph8n3_89AvQoHH7J0urLvccnmdYr9uHt0Q/s400/P4LB_L2_late_3p1mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">As in the 2nd instar, the 3rd instar caterpillar is yellowish with varying extent of pale reddish brown coloration on body segments. In most individuals, the pale reddish hue is present in the thoracic segments and the last 4-5 abdominal segments, as well as in the dorsum of first 4-5 abdominal segments. The prothoracc shield is whitish in color. The dorsal nectary organ and tentacular organs are also easily discernible. After 3 to 4 days in this instar with the body length reaching about 6.8-7mm, the next moult brings the caterpillar to its final instar.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a newly moulted 3rd instar caterpillar, feeding on its exuvia.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrNOzCDvvukVxRqaLEYmp7xrYbIzUTfqfShQdfcij4Uhx0tAkO_psX9vgePEBv1c6NrOSHjtz-CfIyUrPKWZTTz1wXzZ9NCRKFWUVaBO4RB1id7QwAcFeLRX6xEO2BJj7cBu8GIcNlXblL6WWqZCGDFFdbZTeAZ9Z3vjkGLn8KlpW8pQqIuudDNvxFpqo/s800/P4LB_L3_3p5mm_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrNOzCDvvukVxRqaLEYmp7xrYbIzUTfqfShQdfcij4Uhx0tAkO_psX9vgePEBv1c6NrOSHjtz-CfIyUrPKWZTTz1wXzZ9NCRKFWUVaBO4RB1id7QwAcFeLRX6xEO2BJj7cBu8GIcNlXblL6WWqZCGDFFdbZTeAZ9Z3vjkGLn8KlpW8pQqIuudDNvxFpqo/s400/P4LB_L3_3p5mm_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 3.5mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcDRqd-5kM8SiMj6sQrv1cG0PnoFoquWvmkdMveQHnJs0zOAOGIT4v8ZiWYpEvIee1QYruKNaOXkvE_TiwSAZHpmeqWMcGHG0EHc-pOfj66NMEgE8kxSzz9B149c_rEJoR0QOpwXhWKPmk4jhZJuZ23rf3m8V8MbVAMN4KaFHP38EEfFNPX1zvAOjsiqM/s800/P4LB_L3_5p9mm_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcDRqd-5kM8SiMj6sQrv1cG0PnoFoquWvmkdMveQHnJs0zOAOGIT4v8ZiWYpEvIee1QYruKNaOXkvE_TiwSAZHpmeqWMcGHG0EHc-pOfj66NMEgE8kxSzz9B149c_rEJoR0QOpwXhWKPmk4jhZJuZ23rf3m8V8MbVAMN4KaFHP38EEfFNPX1zvAOjsiqM/s400/P4LB_L3_5p9mm_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 5.9mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A 3rd instar caterpillar with an attending ant in the field.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">The 4th instar caterpillar are similar to the 3rd instar caterpillar but with all red and reddish brown patches much more prominently marked and in strong contrast to the ground color. Some individuals can even be entirely reddish brown to pinky red in all body segments. As in the 3rd instar, the prothorcic shield is whitish and the dorsal nectary organ and tentacular organs are prominent on the posterior segments. Tentacular organs are readily everted when the caterpillar senses a threat (such as from a competing caterpillar) or when attending ants are present.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a newly moulted 4th instar caterpillar, with exuvia yet to be eaten.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 7.8mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOboGKZgKtbGLHxJPWqBRbxoE4OcoIgUCFQb0nUHz8ebsHHZDMdb_QVxJjTFu-r7bNHU3_gOJrmBnf0h7FtnaFsGHi3-xsaofRnGbQaWlwVqu3KNtcXxPLjc0kLLLjaxZ2w_MxrbHXcgXZ19C9mvzENuWvZGa5KYvd2OzfYRlCeR8NaVUap-mffedH9ew/s800/P4LB_L4_ant_attendance_02.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOboGKZgKtbGLHxJPWqBRbxoE4OcoIgUCFQb0nUHz8ebsHHZDMdb_QVxJjTFu-r7bNHU3_gOJrmBnf0h7FtnaFsGHi3-xsaofRnGbQaWlwVqu3KNtcXxPLjc0kLLLjaxZ2w_MxrbHXcgXZ19C9mvzENuWvZGa5KYvd2OzfYRlCeR8NaVUap-mffedH9ew/s400/P4LB_L4_ant_attendance_02.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A 4th instar caterpillar attended by several ants in a nature park.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 12mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a red-form 4th instar caterpillar, length: 13mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A 4th instar caterpillar attended by a large ant. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">The 4th instar lasts for 3-4 days and the body grows up to a length of about 13-13.5mm. On the last day of this stage, the caterpillar ceases food intake and its body shrinks in length and decolorises to a dull shade of yellowish to pinky brown. The fully grown caterpillar finally comes to rest on a spot among leaves where it readies the site for pupation by spinning a silk pad and a silk girdle to secure itself.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, late in this stage, with color change taken place.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a girdled-down pre-pupa of the Pale Fourline Blue.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">About 0.75 day later, pupation takes place. The pupa has the typical lycaenid form, and is 9.6-10.2mm in length. It is mostly yellowish brown and speckled with black spots of various sizes and shapes.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a pupa of the Pale Fourline Blue</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">Four to five days later, the pupa becomes darkened in color signaling the imminent emergence of the adult. The markings on the forewing upperside becomes increasing obvious through the pupal skin. The next day the adult butterfly emerges from the mature pupa.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEQnL3zCprF6-Y3sXMK9LQPI_wRisZRkRBNLyC4rQeQeiflgmfL_DaM7VYryt3KL9lmWLrlXyeBRfhrU7JWo6VkUWxD2EY4nlCRh87Og9nr7-7k6QaqzwMM837ccvk_Q-m5UJWPZEihihMMdXh2Xl8PreHJMtv5dnKHbnZSnRJyulKo-_NJO4iOzufYJE/s800/P4LB_pupa_male_mature.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEQnL3zCprF6-Y3sXMK9LQPI_wRisZRkRBNLyC4rQeQeiflgmfL_DaM7VYryt3KL9lmWLrlXyeBRfhrU7JWo6VkUWxD2EY4nlCRh87Og9nr7-7k6QaqzwMM837ccvk_Q-m5UJWPZEihihMMdXh2Xl8PreHJMtv5dnKHbnZSnRJyulKo-_NJO4iOzufYJE/s400/P4LB_pupa_male_mature.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a mature male pupa showing the extensive purplish blue coloration in the wing pad.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">Two views of a mature female pupa showing the much less extensive bluish coloration in the wing pad.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A newly eclosed male Pale Fourline Blue.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">A newly eclosed female Pale Fourline Blue.</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">References:</span></div>
<ul><span style="color: #006600; font-family: Arial;">
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">[C&P5]</span><b>
The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M.
Pendlebury, G. and N. van der Poorten (Eds.), 5th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 2020.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd Edition, 2012.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Kawthankar N, Nitin R, Balakrishnan VC, Churi PV, Kalesh S, Satya Prakash & Kunte K (2023) Larval host plants and
other hosts of Indian butterflies. In Kunte K, Sondhi S & Roy P (eds.). Butterflies of India, v. 4.12. Indian Foundation
for Butterflies. <a href="https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/larval-hosts">https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/larval-hosts</a>.</b></span></li>
</span></ul>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Sebastian Ow, Zick Soh, Low JK, Khew SK and Horace Tan.</b></span>
Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-43963224774425064402023-12-03T18:00:00.007+08:002023-12-20T21:53:27.625+08:00Life History of the Jewelled Grass Blue<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the <span style="color: red;">Jewelled Grass Blue</span> (<i>Freyeria putli</i>)</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFhgu2c3MWcUH58UHaOp3lFYkS06NCTB8h2s-T-t_lZ1pvPKG67zTqrJ5F19GXHhlLenIBijtf9njw0fPUGDn7x9Dz4a8dlTfYRMAVczio7DGotNN2PEjxmOkSx-el9GImHjOjXgTq1yT35ugkFlwcnuoknqTzbt-qUW87MQtTgiZTzX8ZCE2tvcpZegg/s2100/JGB_adult_23_2100x.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1400" data-original-width="2100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFhgu2c3MWcUH58UHaOp3lFYkS06NCTB8h2s-T-t_lZ1pvPKG67zTqrJ5F19GXHhlLenIBijtf9njw0fPUGDn7x9Dz4a8dlTfYRMAVczio7DGotNN2PEjxmOkSx-el9GImHjOjXgTq1yT35ugkFlwcnuoknqTzbt-qUW87MQtTgiZTzX8ZCE2tvcpZegg/s400/JGB_adult_23_2100x.jpg"/></a></div>
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<div align="justify">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">
<b><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u> </b><br />
<b>Genus: </b><i>Fryeria</i> Courvoisier, 1920<br />
<b>Species: </b><i>putli </i> Kollar, 1844 <br />
<b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b>12-16mm<br />
<b>Caterpillar Local Host Plant: </b> <i>Indigofera spicata</i> (Fabaceae, common name: Creeping Indigo).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Jewelled Grass Blue resting on an inflorescene of the Creeping Indigo.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Jewelled Grass Blue resting on an inflorescene of the Creeping Indigo.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Jewelled Grass Blue resting on a leaflet of the Creeping Indigo.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">Physical Description of Adult Butterfly: </span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
With a wing span of only 12-16mm, the Jewelled Grass Blue is a small and tailess butterfly, easily overlooked by casual observers. On the <b>upperside</b>, both sexes are dark brown with a row of black marginal spots in the hindwing. On the <b>underside</b>, both wings are gray to pale brown in ground colour, and feature brown cell-end bars. On the forewing, there is a post-discal series of white-bordered spots and a submarginal series of white-bordered spots. Each hindwing has a row of prominently orange-crowned marginal spots speckled with shining metallic scales. There is also a series of white-bordered post-discal spots, a white-bordered black costal spot, four transverse black subbasal spots and one small black basal spot in space 1. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A sunbathing Jewelled Grass Blue showing its brown upperside. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Jewelled Grass Blue resting on an inflorescene of the Creeping Indigo.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Jewelled Grass Blue feeding on a flower of the White Heads.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">Field Observations: </span> <br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The Jewelled Grass Blue was <a href="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/NIS-2023-0102.pdf">recently recorded</a> in early September this year by local naturalist Fiora Li. Although the species is extant across a wide region ranging from India, Hong Kong, Taiwan and even to Australia, it has never been observed previously in Singapore. A small population was observed to be flying and breeding in an open grassy field where the host plant, the Creeping Indigo (<i>Indigofera spicata</i>), is growing in abundance. The adult butterflies typically fly at a low height above ground, feeding on flowers of the host plant as well as those of other weeds such as the White Heads (<i>Eclipta prostrata</i>) and Coat Buttons (<i>Tridax procumbens</i>). The male has also been observed to puddle on wet grounds in the same field.
</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Jewelled Grass Blue puddling on a mud trail.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Jewelled Grass Blue feeding on a tiny flower.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Jewelled Grass Blue feeding on a flower of the Coat Buttons.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Early Stages:</b></span><br />
<iframe class="BLOG_video_class" allowfullscreen="" youtube-src-id="TvdkBIhy-Vs" width="400" height="255" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TvdkBIhy-Vs"></iframe>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A video clip showing the adult and immature stages of Jewelled Grass Blue.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Thus far, only one plant, <i>Indigofera spicata</i> (Creeping Indigo), has been recorded as the local host plant for the Jewelled Grass Blue. In other countries/regions, the larval host plants also include other <i>Indigofera</i> species, and a number of species in other plant families. The caterpillars of the Jewelled Grass Blue feed on flowers and leaves of the Creeping Indigo, with a strong preference for the former. </span>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Local host plant: <i>Indigofera spicata</i> (Creeping Indigo).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A mating pair of Jewelled Grass Blue.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A mother Jewelled Grass Blue attempting to oviposit on an inflorescence of the Creeping Indigo.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A mother Jewelled Grass Blue ovipositing on an inflorescence of the Creeping Indigo.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A mother Jewelled Grass Blue resting on an inflorescence of the Creeping Indigo where an egg has earlier been oviposited.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The mother butterfly lays her eggs singly on the host plant, either among young floral buds on a developing inflorescence or on the surface of a young leaflet. Each greenish egg is about 0.5mm in diameter. It is discoid-shaped with a depressed micropylar at the center of the upper surface. The egg surface is reticulated with a fine pattern of whitish ridges and indentations. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of an egg of the Jewelled Grass Blue laid on leaf surface.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of an egg of the Jewelled Grass Blue laid among floral buds. Left: a few hours after oviposition. Right: a few hours before hatching.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">It takes about 2 to 2.5 days for the egg to hatch. The newly hatched has a pale yellowish body with a length of about 0.7-0.8mm. The body also features long setae dorso-laterally and along body fringe. Its head capsule is black in color, and will remain so for all four instars. Depending on the oviposition site, the young caterpillar either feeds on the floral buds or the leaf lamina of leaflets near the empty egg shell. After about 1.5-2 days of growth in the first instar, and reaching a length of about 1.6mm, the caterpillar moults to the next instar. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A newly hatched caterpillar of the Jewelled Grass Blue after it emerges from the egg shell.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar feeding on a floral bud, length: 1.2mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 1st instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;"> In the 2nd instar, besides the long setae which occur dorso-laterally and along body fringe, there are short and fine setae covering the body surface, and tiny black spots scattered across the body surface. The caterpillar is yellowish or greenish. Whitish and narrow intermittent bands occur dorsally, dorso-laterally and sub-spiracularly. The 2nd instar caterpillar reaches a length of about 2.5-2.6mm, and after about 1.5-2 days in this stage, it moults again. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 2nd instar caterpillar, lying next to its exuvia. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar feeding on a floral bud, length: 1.7mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar feeding on a leaflet, length: 2.4mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 2nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 2.2mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;"> Compared to the 2nd instar caterpillar, the 3rd instar caterpillar bears a denser coat of proportionately shorter setae on its body. The body could be pale yellowish green entirely or featuring reddish shading dorsally and along body fringe. The dorsal nectary organ and the pair of tentacular organs, on the 7th and 8th abdominal segments, are now readily observed. The 3rd instar takes about 1.5 to 2 days to complete with the body length reaching about 5-5.3mm.</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFD1UC4nqaxFcVSbi49bcGs0mJ119BUkOkxS7x6kfncwg7FzBaIGRvA9EPPObPJyUMcKyr_FfsndJP-2VCJNh4IBZT7GItXRgGixCW0AETaKdTJMvWrr458DKCqdDjKJjdGjktsNAJLTBiUSE5obuOV-flCFAaHcZkfYQFAsOxSo4uOyla59eKOW1Trr4/s800/JGB_L3_early_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFD1UC4nqaxFcVSbi49bcGs0mJ119BUkOkxS7x6kfncwg7FzBaIGRvA9EPPObPJyUMcKyr_FfsndJP-2VCJNh4IBZT7GItXRgGixCW0AETaKdTJMvWrr458DKCqdDjKJjdGjktsNAJLTBiUSE5obuOV-flCFAaHcZkfYQFAsOxSo4uOyla59eKOW1Trr4/s400/JGB_L3_early_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 3rd instar caterpillar, exiting from its old larval skin.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIpwOhBQsXCh8HZ228VFMWzOOLcr1Zbny34K4j0Qh7xKl5pr32gS2BI7b9Zi19hEo_pyaqdAmozfjL2mhtuhQd0K6VfJNWFXk8jzK1EsQYPd226bvlmj6yHamvzlgqRB1c2QmAl1pNfCjyOvu2XU-3t0myDPj-vOu3Sk8fLByI22OPY0bi5XIYfuso0p4/s800/JGB_L3_3mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIpwOhBQsXCh8HZ228VFMWzOOLcr1Zbny34K4j0Qh7xKl5pr32gS2BI7b9Zi19hEo_pyaqdAmozfjL2mhtuhQd0K6VfJNWFXk8jzK1EsQYPd226bvlmj6yHamvzlgqRB1c2QmAl1pNfCjyOvu2XU-3t0myDPj-vOu3Sk8fLByI22OPY0bi5XIYfuso0p4/s400/JGB_L3_3mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar with reddish markings, length: 3mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjInvSJT5BpibBqLSanRdW56wSIlarxVJZ87TxeN53mwLeMCc0k1NgAOv46eh4pfTKWh7oMNjH2MAyRDh5Npvc-eY7d7R7W9-fuh4ey6VXDlcTH-jlIyX-fyfayY5UuxsXLmYXGK1DWVt162sTu6uN9aKBOeu5ZBjFcrhpeQr3KO6obUYK26dVJZ1-aYLU/s800/JGB_L3_4p5mm_green.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjInvSJT5BpibBqLSanRdW56wSIlarxVJZ87TxeN53mwLeMCc0k1NgAOv46eh4pfTKWh7oMNjH2MAyRDh5Npvc-eY7d7R7W9-fuh4ey6VXDlcTH-jlIyX-fyfayY5UuxsXLmYXGK1DWVt162sTu6uN9aKBOeu5ZBjFcrhpeQr3KO6obUYK26dVJZ1-aYLU/s400/JGB_L3_4p5mm_green.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 4.5mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkTHhuo4TrADPFnFU_wUF1yRUNVfsC2QCmQmxFmGCrnBe7qgs4yHwr_cWsdqxeIrLmRKpj5rYL5T8V5m7VW7TeM4u4JkEm6_CEPBjRaTu7kR2DhN876AK7BFQlTVucbZmLTLSBxA7YloYTKBfLEnqW19acXb6O-4qVkUMYAp_Z5FryxeVauy3J0qvoerU/s800/JGB_L3_late_4p5mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkTHhuo4TrADPFnFU_wUF1yRUNVfsC2QCmQmxFmGCrnBe7qgs4yHwr_cWsdqxeIrLmRKpj5rYL5T8V5m7VW7TeM4u4JkEm6_CEPBjRaTu7kR2DhN876AK7BFQlTVucbZmLTLSBxA7YloYTKBfLEnqW19acXb6O-4qVkUMYAp_Z5FryxeVauy3J0qvoerU/s400/JGB_L3_late_4p5mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 3rd instar caterpillar with reddish markings, dormant prior to its moult, length: 4.5mm.</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp5PCQmSCHlyKV7t_VNJuYfZhNjSDy_oCJSnW3iZKLAPZm2j5LNANCFQ7T4GfhvYEreIeSkF9j3CITqZ-hHfil1Bt0D2Y5aOzZ4UtpeL4Rm0pH1Hvq1TZpDWuVGu-y1hKQvA12IySZcaC-Dnz0hmixQluywD3YFNTO8R4XPijXtuQKvBWDkSTD44uo7W8/s800/JGB_L3_late_5mm_green.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp5PCQmSCHlyKV7t_VNJuYfZhNjSDy_oCJSnW3iZKLAPZm2j5LNANCFQ7T4GfhvYEreIeSkF9j3CITqZ-hHfil1Bt0D2Y5aOzZ4UtpeL4Rm0pH1Hvq1TZpDWuVGu-y1hKQvA12IySZcaC-Dnz0hmixQluywD3YFNTO8R4XPijXtuQKvBWDkSTD44uo7W8/s400/JGB_L3_late_5mm_green.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of another late 3rd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 5mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">While having similar body markings as in the 3rd instar, the 4th instar caterpillar has a more distinctive appearance, featuring a dense coat of short whitish setae all over the body surface. The body coloration could be entirely greenish or pale yellowish green with reddish dorsal and sub-spiracular bands. </span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-7W0Lu64NSxr1h6Zf5GwPGYSEB0bxchT23oZwSfkv2KlqOFjpRZ4TZmtJZtaekwkFca-0b6EtS6N4c2BBwjpqZqFxGNmc7TTxL0vNmJBwBJmqVp7e1wTPBrpGRzD25j-f0lvZFBJanXIB9OrQ1UkNiwvQpDcYy5LbeAHICK8Bxlo1AK0xwXTyYGdYXNM/s800/JGB_L4_5p5mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-7W0Lu64NSxr1h6Zf5GwPGYSEB0bxchT23oZwSfkv2KlqOFjpRZ4TZmtJZtaekwkFca-0b6EtS6N4c2BBwjpqZqFxGNmc7TTxL0vNmJBwBJmqVp7e1wTPBrpGRzD25j-f0lvZFBJanXIB9OrQ1UkNiwvQpDcYy5LbeAHICK8Bxlo1AK0xwXTyYGdYXNM/s400/JGB_L4_5p5mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar with reddish markings feeding on floral buds, early in this stage, length: 5.5mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3pG57_Oo9mmPCcZauh00MKfPeU5j35RAAvuwQjZtHsbTy9iAYWbOyaR-bVnvogm_x2LkXIYpOZ_NBe4XaVqiZ9BCEtFmriKDEEWWMaObDcQrJCJqeFaokYw1J3-dMS_grhv8vHmmLDz3C2JZ7Z-5Y8vSLhdKOusnCPzlQsO8GAAtd8ZaOJjJeQXQNxvw/s800/JGB_L4_feeding_on_leaves_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3pG57_Oo9mmPCcZauh00MKfPeU5j35RAAvuwQjZtHsbTy9iAYWbOyaR-bVnvogm_x2LkXIYpOZ_NBe4XaVqiZ9BCEtFmriKDEEWWMaObDcQrJCJqeFaokYw1J3-dMS_grhv8vHmmLDz3C2JZ7Z-5Y8vSLhdKOusnCPzlQsO8GAAtd8ZaOJjJeQXQNxvw/s400/JGB_L4_feeding_on_leaves_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A 4th instar caterpillar of the Jewelled Grass Blue feeding on a leaflet.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZKm3eW4HWyVXYcX79HQ68phL5ba_fEptHndm8XAssieQZ5M12ePH4PCcSMQ80vG5kbwgLfvGotsMWcPevavU1VeAqGfE1o9ZvjG84JoEa-ryF8XVlsBxPv13_dBJ8GJafKCv_LVYRt64CgdaoYe2Un87X9PkmA0C8ZkFClZxhVjtXkz8O3lWyMFbeQ3Y/s800/JGB_L4_9p8mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZKm3eW4HWyVXYcX79HQ68phL5ba_fEptHndm8XAssieQZ5M12ePH4PCcSMQ80vG5kbwgLfvGotsMWcPevavU1VeAqGfE1o9ZvjG84JoEa-ryF8XVlsBxPv13_dBJ8GJafKCv_LVYRt64CgdaoYe2Un87X9PkmA0C8ZkFClZxhVjtXkz8O3lWyMFbeQ3Y/s400/JGB_L4_9p8mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar of the Jewelled Grass Blue with reddish markings feeding on floral buds, late in this stage, length: 9.8mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHzB-pLnVuaNHfjlaWKnAkJN21SLUvBgHcm_T0xe6ZIcTkyD-okVFPDYnej8LajPS8io719wOo7hZaHV7xopTgBPmJOKYBHEGHmBBvOOClYLCkzT9zKf1fqAG8oTnPPvNjSsRS-ZA3aP_TQRBysF7xol3q0bLrjBjjmK_IrlDB7QRv7lQbeBj-Ze-X9rU/s800/JGB_L4_9p5mm_red.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHzB-pLnVuaNHfjlaWKnAkJN21SLUvBgHcm_T0xe6ZIcTkyD-okVFPDYnej8LajPS8io719wOo7hZaHV7xopTgBPmJOKYBHEGHmBBvOOClYLCkzT9zKf1fqAG8oTnPPvNjSsRS-ZA3aP_TQRBysF7xol3q0bLrjBjjmK_IrlDB7QRv7lQbeBj-Ze-X9rU/s400/JGB_L4_9p5mm_red.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar of the Jewelled Grass Blue with reddish markings, late in this stage, length: 9.5mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">After about 2-2.5 days of feeding and reaching a length of about 9.5-10mm, the caterpillar stops feeding and seeks out a pupation site. During this time, its body gradually shortened and markings decolorised to pale greenish. Typically the caterpillar chooses a leaflet of the host plant, on either side for its pupation site.
The pre-pupatory caterpillar prepares for pupation by spinning a silk girdle and a silk pad to which it attaches itself via anal claspers. </span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ6xuJnWT4noPOUbIWoGYarhCE5lwKh8hQDjZ3csHzqjaAnaknbDuFgCuika3wB0IV2spnwEAFRObUSPimQqYJSG1SxcbPkljQb1gaLe-GNhwkMvAthyphenhyphenbDlS6cbAaMwUR7Ma1peuE3InDxcYUZ1zHfCFS292oPfi6sIR1l6N4_-BjhuDRRtHhyphenhyphenGOpe9xU/s800/JGB_pre-pupa_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ6xuJnWT4noPOUbIWoGYarhCE5lwKh8hQDjZ3csHzqjaAnaknbDuFgCuika3wB0IV2spnwEAFRObUSPimQqYJSG1SxcbPkljQb1gaLe-GNhwkMvAthyphenhyphenbDlS6cbAaMwUR7Ma1peuE3InDxcYUZ1zHfCFS292oPfi6sIR1l6N4_-BjhuDRRtHhyphenhyphenGOpe9xU/s400/JGB_pre-pupa_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pre-pupa of the Jewelled Grass Blue on the uperside of a leaflet.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;"> After about 0.75-1 day as a pre-pupa, pupation takes place. The fresh pupa is predominantly yellowish green to green. It has a typical shape of a lycaenid pupa. With the exception of the wing pads, there are long whitish fine setae on the entire pupal body. Pupal length: 6.8-7.2mm. </span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVNQL0B4z7Ad-6M-p1mzl20Ry3hUj6mfkb4uvqxowWzz2xDpShHcIlM3YNRfJ2y5DeSxidaSQtKEqNils-N6jnaNUhz2NlUoGhH9jGIkCWcYmNXNQAXdvzAC1ti0bPrNPUQh6QhQd5s3ZwgscZe9n4kvd-ScAWl919IkAFjCFAxnscswpoo2KiBQIdn7M/s800/JGB_pupa_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVNQL0B4z7Ad-6M-p1mzl20Ry3hUj6mfkb4uvqxowWzz2xDpShHcIlM3YNRfJ2y5DeSxidaSQtKEqNils-N6jnaNUhz2NlUoGhH9jGIkCWcYmNXNQAXdvzAC1ti0bPrNPUQh6QhQd5s3ZwgscZe9n4kvd-ScAWl919IkAFjCFAxnscswpoo2KiBQIdn7M/s400/JGB_pupa_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pupa of the Jewelled Grass Blue.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Four days later, the pupa starts to turn black, first in the wing pad and thorax, then progressively in the abdomen. The next day, the pupal stage comes to an end (pupal period: 5 days) with the emergence of the adult butterfly.</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-MD3iHotxuRo367IZeVmtbRrck0yL1TgwZKOK1aostZWLRy1OxpqM1BMX1wqAfJ2AqjVrF-fXzelGHQksvgbVLcYLkxtyEtCA727mGAbG3pMgJfv_MuAQyY6quTwI9gSfnLsNoKIvLgZ6C5Wy3hHHIcHYL7Lz28IK23bO56YK36_6q0RGu7yAeakEtGM/s800/JGB_mature_pupa_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-MD3iHotxuRo367IZeVmtbRrck0yL1TgwZKOK1aostZWLRy1OxpqM1BMX1wqAfJ2AqjVrF-fXzelGHQksvgbVLcYLkxtyEtCA727mGAbG3pMgJfv_MuAQyY6quTwI9gSfnLsNoKIvLgZ6C5Wy3hHHIcHYL7Lz28IK23bO56YK36_6q0RGu7yAeakEtGM/s400/JGB_mature_pupa_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a mature pupa of the Jewelled Grass Blue on the underside of a leaflet of the host plant.</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMMKOptV6H3MejdY-Nqce_pGje-uvOFUZAHypTVNvyHXnwzPVEokz3Y0nOIN95f0-ywwF9WV8-7Gb8Tu_NaLlpyfSHX3vHTKZGhvI-cQ4gH7rVBMwMD8X2ubgTTiw1F2306QZf9NSzzKGmRoZgJt3UaI_2EoGrydn3TXkkpZQOIFO8znmwNPzVbLm86Xk/s800/JGB_newly_eclosed_03.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMMKOptV6H3MejdY-Nqce_pGje-uvOFUZAHypTVNvyHXnwzPVEokz3Y0nOIN95f0-ywwF9WV8-7Gb8Tu_NaLlpyfSHX3vHTKZGhvI-cQ4gH7rVBMwMD8X2ubgTTiw1F2306QZf9NSzzKGmRoZgJt3UaI_2EoGrydn3TXkkpZQOIFO8znmwNPzVbLm86Xk/s400/JGB_newly_eclosed_03.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly eclosed Jewelled Grass Blue.</span> <br />
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<b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">References:</span></b><br />
<ul><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd
Edition, 2012.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Photographic Monograph on Hong Kong Butterflies, Volume 3, p.388, Hong Kong Lepidopterists' Society.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Li FY (2023) Biodiversity Record: New record of the butterfly, Freyeria putli, in Singapore.
Nature in Singapore, 16: e2023102. DOI: 10.26107/NIS-2023-0102.</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Kawthankar N, Nitin R, Balakrishnan VC, Churi PV, Kalesh S, Satya Prakash & Kunte K (2023) Larval host plants and
other hosts of Indian butterflies. In Kunte K, Sondhi S & Roy P (eds.). Butterflies of India, v. 4.12. Indian Foundation
for Butterflies. <a href="https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/larval-hosts">https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/larval-hosts</a>.</b></span></li>
</span></ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Koh Cher Hern, Sebastian Ow, Zick Soh, Low JK, Khew Sk and
Horace Tan</b></span></div>
Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-35998012247804021872023-11-30T21:28:00.001+08:002023-11-30T21:28:16.179+08:00Butterfly of the Month - November 2023<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - November 2023</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Cowan's Red Flash</span> (<i>Rapala cowani</i>)</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd8QPO2b8FXhyf9Dg3WxliShJ4GNX2K6yfbMceGA8lMzk1nKT7pTgasY0cbYfrxpUyE6CCWAHxOSfZsTcgvGT32jwO0naEGtGxJmvU83yyUFiG_1q5KTtkrpEmwxkIRPRtrwA6hYBQprifRhVmrBDUK73B2VJoV6hVgFUdrn-xwU-OTz6ssB57CXgrNiU/s2000/bcd850-Cowan'sRedFlashF2a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd8QPO2b8FXhyf9Dg3WxliShJ4GNX2K6yfbMceGA8lMzk1nKT7pTgasY0cbYfrxpUyE6CCWAHxOSfZsTcgvGT32jwO0naEGtGxJmvU83yyUFiG_1q5KTtkrpEmwxkIRPRtrwA6hYBQprifRhVmrBDUK73B2VJoV6hVgFUdrn-xwU-OTz6ssB57CXgrNiU/w400-h266/bcd850-Cowan'sRedFlashF2a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A Cowan's Red Flash perched on a Heliconia flower</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">On this final day of November 2023, it's beginning to look a lot like Christmas. Malls and commercial buildings have put up their Christmas decorations and playing Chrismas background music, adding to the holiday mood, as people from all over the world plan their year-end vacations and travels. The month of November belongs to the astrological sign Scorpio. For those born between 23 October to 21 November, you are a Libran. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo and Virgo in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, <b><span style="color: red;">Scorpio</span></b>, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoGpeB30_hgaw3qftUTL_khwAQS6tzruRouiFgPqtz5FAeGsIta4KwWbhzdlwjocnervLZ07SL4vij8D7TFVi4BDgEB_ernklE6p_l2gvJTpS4U7YCs2g8xfFz2sxu2WFnIqVzOq2v3ZA8YG9deZVAUiJhyzTUHuEGpP7-3pD-m0DUKTRyZEJhFJqXLXw/s1402/RC_SebastianOw.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="935" data-original-width="1402" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoGpeB30_hgaw3qftUTL_khwAQS6tzruRouiFgPqtz5FAeGsIta4KwWbhzdlwjocnervLZ07SL4vij8D7TFVi4BDgEB_ernklE6p_l2gvJTpS4U7YCs2g8xfFz2sxu2WFnIqVzOq2v3ZA8YG9deZVAUiJhyzTUHuEGpP7-3pD-m0DUKTRyZEJhFJqXLXw/w400-h266/RC_SebastianOw.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Scorpio (♏︎) (Ancient Greek: Σκορπιός, romanized: Skorpiós, Latin for "scorpion") is the eighth astrological sign in the zodiac, originating from the constellation of Scorpius. According to Greek mythology, its representation as a scorpion is related to the Greek legend of Orion and how a scorpion stung him to death. Those born under this sign are dead serious in their mission to learn about others. There's no fluff or chatter for Scorpios, either; these folks will zero-in on the essential questions, gleaning the secrets that lie within.</div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig_ncaleWBAoWy48y3l9GrS3HqG9xBF3LeVPKyvh0wdunqQGyKmislp8cbaeIpstYfLe6AweXy3Vdb4R5XhaXsgHVWrJUPEBWDk5hgpNoRcrAJcF9oaLXiZE0GVyyoRLAbiOkEFO5epRGIcNFzqTbSxNEQsu59cES26elBP4DMEjbxWaXMD_vIW9rdi2w/s2000/Rapala_cowani_LohMY_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig_ncaleWBAoWy48y3l9GrS3HqG9xBF3LeVPKyvh0wdunqQGyKmislp8cbaeIpstYfLe6AweXy3Vdb4R5XhaXsgHVWrJUPEBWDk5hgpNoRcrAJcF9oaLXiZE0GVyyoRLAbiOkEFO5epRGIcNFzqTbSxNEQsu59cES26elBP4DMEjbxWaXMD_vIW9rdi2w/w400-h266/Rapala_cowani_LohMY_01.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJ_xN1zNsozxlEYeN2synciU9VHOtY0IhvDnmJLkJeKadzR1ElWoHsegMbC8BJgW9VT3BZ9paXcYdEPMJvU1-YZ41oxXHrKdwaVn-aFYWK1jpqnHe2NE26srldDV2ALcimk5CtKYreZCYW0ijK6Jn2e2y9uYhUmoZo9IJVfKWAcSbnv0qa_v1HWxs8gM/s800/Rapala_cowani_male_05_800x.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJ_xN1zNsozxlEYeN2synciU9VHOtY0IhvDnmJLkJeKadzR1ElWoHsegMbC8BJgW9VT3BZ9paXcYdEPMJvU1-YZ41oxXHrKdwaVn-aFYWK1jpqnHe2NE26srldDV2ALcimk5CtKYreZCYW0ijK6Jn2e2y9uYhUmoZo9IJVfKWAcSbnv0qa_v1HWxs8gM/w400-h266/Rapala_cowani_male_05_800x.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A female Cowan's Red Flash (top) and male (bottom)</span></b></div></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The primary Scorpio strengths can be found in their devoted, determined, and keen observant nature. They are hard workers, often artistic, and deeply committed to study and research. You can count on the Scorpion to see whatever they have committed to, through to the logical conclusion. Because of all of these traits, a Scorpio can seem intimidating and somewhat aloof to those who don't know them well.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Ll9ymoKPUs5O7DgVcYvavkKncVgjUPALbCdu-sTneSnBLv0r2L5DCZh68Vt8N4Z53ukLPOtMoCvJkPgjX9zQfGj6gzR8EvAieMvw3zT8Bo1vPgbA8-2PZ31wWcBu2LrqhTzi-UlXHKr7PFhaCvQjrvFVqIs6zw577LHiSOgBclxZKjTR1atZvA6Y2TE/s800/Rapala_cowani_male_04_800x.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Ll9ymoKPUs5O7DgVcYvavkKncVgjUPALbCdu-sTneSnBLv0r2L5DCZh68Vt8N4Z53ukLPOtMoCvJkPgjX9zQfGj6gzR8EvAieMvw3zT8Bo1vPgbA8-2PZ31wWcBu2LrqhTzi-UlXHKr7PFhaCvQjrvFVqIs6zw577LHiSOgBclxZKjTR1atZvA6Y2TE/w400-h266/Rapala_cowani_male_04_800x.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGzMFUOA1kIiYyKR4eWjpPWD-_OW9aJCxbWZ5FnWw-I009lf3xc4OCCQYBVfqS6fqTEcygL4mYZDBqx3E1AiCa82TcsMmk74mw8UABb-Z0OTI_YLE7mGo9Pd9YR8EwaOL1MK3c-cSns7rq_Mvm5ng4GbIaLCLp6v6lf1bNyyk2y8_aQ22zd7s3lGUMkxs/s2000/Cowan'sRedFlash-JessLoh.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGzMFUOA1kIiYyKR4eWjpPWD-_OW9aJCxbWZ5FnWw-I009lf3xc4OCCQYBVfqS6fqTEcygL4mYZDBqx3E1AiCa82TcsMmk74mw8UABb-Z0OTI_YLE7mGo9Pd9YR8EwaOL1MK3c-cSns7rq_Mvm5ng4GbIaLCLp6v6lf1bNyyk2y8_aQ22zd7s3lGUMkxs/w400-h266/Cowan'sRedFlash-JessLoh.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Scorpio is always able to say exactly what's on their mind, even if it's not what people want to hear. Scorpio is forthright and honest, and those two characteristics commandeer a ton of respect, both at home and at work. All behind the scenes or after-hours work are well suited to Scorpio, making them naturals at investigative work. These natives will be drawn to being private investigators, detectives, and even secret service or espionage agents.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhijHInUEjpdHILhv02j8cjFFS2HqBtbrEdHpqMolpl3O8vAY5RTMJxAoxunnXpyLZVAAb5E8fi9dhtKVkXNQzofHiiy0qLXpWTwOTlEDUVLXcZsJI4glv5AmBkWJpRq2dmtTHHHL5c6D0ySF9tzyIVIaopfykwwThLaPA_j1OoxeXysCkmMpZP1WpsBkk/s2048/Cowan'sRedFlash-AngelaYeo.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1498" data-original-width="2048" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhijHInUEjpdHILhv02j8cjFFS2HqBtbrEdHpqMolpl3O8vAY5RTMJxAoxunnXpyLZVAAb5E8fi9dhtKVkXNQzofHiiy0qLXpWTwOTlEDUVLXcZsJI4glv5AmBkWJpRq2dmtTHHHL5c6D0ySF9tzyIVIaopfykwwThLaPA_j1OoxeXysCkmMpZP1WpsBkk/w400-h293/Cowan'sRedFlash-AngelaYeo.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Those born under the sign of the Scorpion are receptive and patient, but they can be suspicious and slow to trust. Others may be forthcoming about their vulnerabilities, but if Scorpios are feeling insecure, they can use what others have revealed to be emotionally manipulative and controlling. Like the other fixed signs, they can be slow to forgive, and those that cross the Scorpion may feel their vengeful sting.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTik33r9I_rl368GuNsKAqXeRVO9TQxMFpfAEKhW4dPsnvFq7cFFbA1jtAD47QYiZ9Fgy-RISM1dgc_imotnwdBo6h_8ZUHAVJTkVAYBkrq5C5Cbf_pCl4kmWXNeLf7qLl6p_IK4rDYnIrMgEse4P6z7TAm8NuXL9D92SoAFCVi-5KAzW_T458ALJR76s/s2000/bcd850-Cowan'sRedFlashM2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTik33r9I_rl368GuNsKAqXeRVO9TQxMFpfAEKhW4dPsnvFq7cFFbA1jtAD47QYiZ9Fgy-RISM1dgc_imotnwdBo6h_8ZUHAVJTkVAYBkrq5C5Cbf_pCl4kmWXNeLf7qLl6p_IK4rDYnIrMgEse4P6z7TAm8NuXL9D92SoAFCVi-5KAzW_T458ALJR76s/w400-h266/bcd850-Cowan'sRedFlashM2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our Butterfly of the Month for November 2023 does not possess any stings or barbs that can maim or hurt. But it is elusive and rare. The <b><span style="color: red;">Cowan's Red Flash</span></b> was first described by AR Corbet in 1939. After its discovery in 1938 at the mouth of Sungei Jurong, no sightings have been reported for several decades on the mainland. Its recent sightings are confined to mangrove areas in Pulau Ubin and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, in the vicinity of its larval host plant. The adults are fast flyers and take rapid flights among foliage at the water edge.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvefrsgK_sS4mdmmXJaiX4XjPXwRL83A_mwg-GX6tDwrUqubk5zBAjRc3b8xaarncFdu8vhsRFR364cPqbri84fsh9uomlJcBVJudGqXoV6aJLONLf4H7ObZG6lG0B_5I6LNScga-OWG8aCWgXlXcVrnbJCQlMa2TDHriVwH-tFUZz5sX0mPUsfaILnAU/s800/Rapala_cowani_female_800x.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvefrsgK_sS4mdmmXJaiX4XjPXwRL83A_mwg-GX6tDwrUqubk5zBAjRc3b8xaarncFdu8vhsRFR364cPqbri84fsh9uomlJcBVJudGqXoV6aJLONLf4H7ObZG6lG0B_5I6LNScga-OWG8aCWgXlXcVrnbJCQlMa2TDHriVwH-tFUZz5sX0mPUsfaILnAU/w400-h266/Rapala_cowani_female_800x.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Although it was reinstated to the Singapore checklist only in 2022 after being positively validated with recent photos taken at Sg Buloh Wetland Reserve. This elusive species was earlier recorded from Pulau Ubin as far back as 2006, but misidentified as <i>Hypolyceana erylus</i> which it superficially resembles. However, recent sightings at Sg Buloh Wetland Reserve and again on Pulau Ubin confirmed its existence in Singapore.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvPuujujKjh5tITFYbtMnRkJbL6YhX8veBV5KMJrvOgRhSjuyy3yK24ovS4cDEKyGLGYHFsnatk9KIGnQOSMcUhcLbBgFkiSyp37YeR4-lojGqrK2oGjOEIehkYmBNdtmp7BW3c84setU-iv8H0OWjqnTe-RtEVYhN2-zxQjiOuUEE3Fg0ghpPJSpB1mE/s2000/Rapala_cowani_LohMY_02.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvPuujujKjh5tITFYbtMnRkJbL6YhX8veBV5KMJrvOgRhSjuyy3yK24ovS4cDEKyGLGYHFsnatk9KIGnQOSMcUhcLbBgFkiSyp37YeR4-lojGqrK2oGjOEIehkYmBNdtmp7BW3c84setU-iv8H0OWjqnTe-RtEVYhN2-zxQjiOuUEE3Fg0ghpPJSpB1mE/w400-h266/Rapala_cowani_LohMY_02.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Upperside of a female Cowan's Red Flash</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On the upperside, the male is bright orange-red with very broad dark brown borders on both wings and resembles a large Scarlet Flash (<i>Rapala dieneces dienices</i>). The female is yellowish brown with a cupreous discal patch on the forewing and sometimes with a cupreous subtornal patch on the hindwing. As with other <i>Rapala</i> spp., the male has on its hindwing a prominent oval-shaped brand at the base of space 7, and a secondary brand at the base of vein 6.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieKzQ5EZTDEu3RgL1ncAw6xjOUwevrE6YAbgwmfR6TnoCg5FPpkmKO0mM5bPoI-iQ2Wt_JNoDSLV3f1R-pij9zSIYKbXqP_NiX4KRrmZCQyZMC69mTx5m7bCUEMPSmuZLE0IgU45J_Pjj-A_ggIDzSVBBYjECpJ80Jvwdmk3TQx-9_jJmXEkFA8ek7ZdY/s800/Rapala_cowani_male_06_800x.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieKzQ5EZTDEu3RgL1ncAw6xjOUwevrE6YAbgwmfR6TnoCg5FPpkmKO0mM5bPoI-iQ2Wt_JNoDSLV3f1R-pij9zSIYKbXqP_NiX4KRrmZCQyZMC69mTx5m7bCUEMPSmuZLE0IgU45J_Pjj-A_ggIDzSVBBYjECpJ80Jvwdmk3TQx-9_jJmXEkFA8ek7ZdY/w400-h266/Rapala_cowani_male_06_800x.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRO0cHVwgRuZQBsSJONcaw1MxxrtlMa-EYjIXBRLqOcqXUaOCJEJvHZcswznoQ3oFN2dmWwH9LQSSL1k3Da0NbxSbBQBovSPbf6omlLUmH5o775mvKwR8KIh4oHD4hMBAhuv8osvk9TkOBqN5h0MIrEz_b-_GZOFXU3Q7xLqw0zVnRezkSPXsVXSF61iI/s2000/Cowan'sRedFlash-ChanWC.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRO0cHVwgRuZQBsSJONcaw1MxxrtlMa-EYjIXBRLqOcqXUaOCJEJvHZcswznoQ3oFN2dmWwH9LQSSL1k3Da0NbxSbBQBovSPbf6omlLUmH5o775mvKwR8KIh4oHD4hMBAhuv8osvk9TkOBqN5h0MIrEz_b-_GZOFXU3Q7xLqw0zVnRezkSPXsVXSF61iI/w400-h266/Cowan'sRedFlash-ChanWC.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />On the underside, the markings on both forewing and hindwing are typical in most <i>Rapala </i>spp., featuring a cell-end bar, a black post-discal band and indistinct submarginal fascia. The male is pale greyish brown while the female is pale greyish. On the hindwing, an orange-crowned black marginal spot is present in space 2 and on the tornal lobe. Between the two spots, the marginal area in space 1b is covered with pale bluish silvery scales. There is a white-tipped black tail at the end of vein 2.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz4PxBbnv4DgHPAMgduF7FJM7LUmPDuY6xgdecHrC4Pvc24GGO1QqGvO4YbMAj9EcLXjIjJAdKb_RzdQyAmDBxgqpbeO_GI3AFjCnc8A6PNbUueO9KJEmdYnRnRzTCC7D6j-cA-A7Znm_EiAw9FMMA101_KhcTvqTuLS8ajr6KYZIVIHVPd5zFgxJSd-4/s2000/bcd850-Cowan'sRedFlashM.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz4PxBbnv4DgHPAMgduF7FJM7LUmPDuY6xgdecHrC4Pvc24GGO1QqGvO4YbMAj9EcLXjIjJAdKb_RzdQyAmDBxgqpbeO_GI3AFjCnc8A6PNbUueO9KJEmdYnRnRzTCC7D6j-cA-A7Znm_EiAw9FMMA101_KhcTvqTuLS8ajr6KYZIVIHVPd5zFgxJSd-4/w400-h266/bcd850-Cowan'sRedFlashM.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZYPJcsB4RyO-Qy89cONiVirMNpTDnZFm3V5c3rMXgXVQR_OIPuYYrr5XfegOF8fcKYMUAiQD2DtivCrwYvYyTHCsLb2uVMfDrbrxgMlAyw5HTj-X-PLdhwyd9Sf_xiQI3qSrqA80b5CR8VbQKim89kmyFBw25eAdbwR6E3G0EF3BpDfriHCGWqDKw7Oo/s800/Rapala_cowani_male_02_800x.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZYPJcsB4RyO-Qy89cONiVirMNpTDnZFm3V5c3rMXgXVQR_OIPuYYrr5XfegOF8fcKYMUAiQD2DtivCrwYvYyTHCsLb2uVMfDrbrxgMlAyw5HTj-X-PLdhwyd9Sf_xiQI3qSrqA80b5CR8VbQKim89kmyFBw25eAdbwR6E3G0EF3BpDfriHCGWqDKw7Oo/w400-h266/Rapala_cowani_male_02_800x.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Cowan's Red Flash has a strong and erratic flight and alert and rather skittish. Males generally fly at tree top levels, sometimes basking in the sunshine with opened wings. Females tend to lurk more in the shade of the shrubbery in back-mangrove vegetation or looking for ideal sites to oviposit. The species has been <a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2023/06/life-history-of-cowans-flash.html" target="_blank">successfully bred</a> in Singapore on <i>Xylocarpus granatum</i> (Meliaceae) - Mangrove Cannonball Tree which is a mangrove-dependent species.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Text by Khew SK : Photos by Chan WC, Khew SK, Loh MY, Sebastian Ow, Horace Tan and Angela Yeo </b></span></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-73785719543975888742023-10-31T22:10:00.001+08:002023-10-31T22:10:20.590+08:00Butterfly of the Month - October 2023<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - October 2023</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Pygmy Posy</span> (<i>Drupadia rufotaenia rufotaenia</i>)</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_kJa-E9sc00kgaCuZOufZSqVHQOTi8SGG13rp0_meztJVZ4LalRhVTByQXkbS-C6hxnm_Tr9-oEpO7dL0h-5RnzOkAQupJS_TeWoLsoMHHZlO1jJ5JGEUDjjwh7wWzYiSC1xxWqznyXQxqM07XClCxhxPmQFw81z6L2CRzo530_HepceiYLZpvrty9EM/s960/PygmyPosy-LohMY.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_kJa-E9sc00kgaCuZOufZSqVHQOTi8SGG13rp0_meztJVZ4LalRhVTByQXkbS-C6hxnm_Tr9-oEpO7dL0h-5RnzOkAQupJS_TeWoLsoMHHZlO1jJ5JGEUDjjwh7wWzYiSC1xxWqznyXQxqM07XClCxhxPmQFw81z6L2CRzo530_HepceiYLZpvrty9EM/w400-h271/PygmyPosy-LohMY.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Pygmy Posy forages at a young shoot of the Bandicoot Berry (<i>Leea indica</i>)</b></span></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">As we bid October 2023 farewell, watchers of the <a href="https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock/current-time/" target="_blank">Doomsday Clock</a> will be wondering if there will be another update soon. The Israeli-Palestinian war adds another brutal skirmish to the world's woes even as the Russia-Ukraine battles continue unabated. The world is now even more unstable than we began the year 2023 with. The month of October belongs to the astrological sign Libra. For those born between 23 September and 22 October, you are a Libran. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo and Virgo in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, <b><span style="color: red;">Libra</span></b>, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj5PZ7kgMgqt8jixU_M0E0nwbo0X4Ehvv-E2WjrQD2Me49iw5Ou-vWTb7wNd-javSGFy8bJZxG6wmblyhbB4M2BO5Vubz0EbIpJKPluatVI6o50NDa25q_07klnVWU3l0nCGaBN6E5IdjQtYpS97I1truKaW_gs2MNLn2Fx0YyKvYHF_QzDRYkva4Zhlc/s2000/PygmyPosy-KhewSK.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj5PZ7kgMgqt8jixU_M0E0nwbo0X4Ehvv-E2WjrQD2Me49iw5Ou-vWTb7wNd-javSGFy8bJZxG6wmblyhbB4M2BO5Vubz0EbIpJKPluatVI6o50NDa25q_07klnVWU3l0nCGaBN6E5IdjQtYpS97I1truKaW_gs2MNLn2Fx0YyKvYHF_QzDRYkva4Zhlc/w400-h266/PygmyPosy-KhewSK.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmWtFMbH58wGqS6rc8NVbqlYzX37j0LBxTCKDZs-jHfwdaVsLDkjytCN2-zWZDpBXKsLPJq0XDzQkfyLIX9sAt9xvz4eL9RqJZQXQK69WIT5u6HMPuF4ucOsWY89WZPyj2mEJVjQLee18uNfxygYFebzP3UK8IEyjrOGF0lnzkcN-PiIJtQVZ7Kp5zJpI/s850/PygmyPosy-ChngCK.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="850" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmWtFMbH58wGqS6rc8NVbqlYzX37j0LBxTCKDZs-jHfwdaVsLDkjytCN2-zWZDpBXKsLPJq0XDzQkfyLIX9sAt9xvz4eL9RqJZQXQK69WIT5u6HMPuF4ucOsWY89WZPyj2mEJVjQLee18uNfxygYFebzP3UK8IEyjrOGF0lnzkcN-PiIJtQVZ7Kp5zJpI/w400-h266/PygmyPosy-ChngCK.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Libra (♎︎) (Ancient Greek: Ζυγός, romanized: Zygós, Latin for "scales") is the seventh astrological sign in the zodiac. The symbol of the scales is based on the Scales of Justice held by the goddes Themis, the Greek personification of divine law and custom. She became the inspiration for modern depictions of Lady Justice. Libra is the only zodiac sign that is represented by an inanimate object; with the other eleven signs represented by either an animal or mythological character.<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGtPka6YNxf0O_PpLwbNsDAjLfg04a47ToAbyb4QktXdZMMBTpJKKqNhPzUHpQ8WFPOVBubSjuhygpJD-pRH-xr2vHZwO9cvSMbBrfQihttF-FbQqMGd5uaOeUf4T0Bz2O8SbrhkWmT_s7JKvlTl0vbidGvsoVjLfmKW6GFTLl0F50wGUlLCJRhaFGec/s2000/PygmyPosy-KhewSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGtPka6YNxf0O_PpLwbNsDAjLfg04a47ToAbyb4QktXdZMMBTpJKKqNhPzUHpQ8WFPOVBubSjuhygpJD-pRH-xr2vHZwO9cvSMbBrfQihttF-FbQqMGd5uaOeUf4T0Bz2O8SbrhkWmT_s7JKvlTl0vbidGvsoVjLfmKW6GFTLl0F50wGUlLCJRhaFGec/w400-h266/PygmyPosy-KhewSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A Pygmy Posy perches on the tip of a leaf in the shady understory in the nature reserves.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">People born under the sign of Libra are known for their peaceful and fair nature, and they see the world through their pacifist eyes. Partnership is crucial for them, and they seek someone who can reflect their inner selves. Librans are fascinated by balance and symmetry, and they are constantly striving for justice and equality. They are willing to go to great lengths to avoid conflict and maintain peace whenever possible.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMD279rrbQUv3C0U75ylZ9zYhT7yucv28AvbgVmp15oPParf4-dD8iQVJBr6_NjBrWdUb6N_RZcmSo06-NkzH8n1qADgpG8kPfRaywsvYCIu02Zo7l6o7e7JR9fOx2X15JBEwSm459C9W-aWAid2B5Kuzpdr8K_ZfqvzgKJgTyyWdd5m9nymRt0lcWYRE/s2048/PygmyPosy-KohCH.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1680" data-original-width="2048" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMD279rrbQUv3C0U75ylZ9zYhT7yucv28AvbgVmp15oPParf4-dD8iQVJBr6_NjBrWdUb6N_RZcmSo06-NkzH8n1qADgpG8kPfRaywsvYCIu02Zo7l6o7e7JR9fOx2X15JBEwSm459C9W-aWAid2B5Kuzpdr8K_ZfqvzgKJgTyyWdd5m9nymRt0lcWYRE/w400-h329/PygmyPosy-KohCH.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Librans typically do not hold grudges, as it can take a lot to rouse and sustain their anger. Being very Venusian, they typically assume the best intentions in others and give most people many chances to redeem themselves. A Libran's life philosophy is "Let's just all get along." For this sign, compromise is key. Librans don't do well when anyone isn't happy, and they're especially adept at inviting other signs to see things from a different perspective</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRqwFhSutAduYF3Uw5QlHwHeda7vjzVqmZYMBL6aAfmupb106bHMloghMUtEjFPOhTjN0cffZn2RIkSamwf0_NGDHAsL3Ikc46O2CdUtXhJkUZ2xIjcOWmS-X0s8XhSDFEor0DrQ1rVlMI4kmaG41hFrGnyBEi4rjbUYpGrNH6hMi1aacC1ad8VUo0Kww/s2000/PygmyPosy-RichardOng.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="1333" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRqwFhSutAduYF3Uw5QlHwHeda7vjzVqmZYMBL6aAfmupb106bHMloghMUtEjFPOhTjN0cffZn2RIkSamwf0_NGDHAsL3Ikc46O2CdUtXhJkUZ2xIjcOWmS-X0s8XhSDFEor0DrQ1rVlMI4kmaG41hFrGnyBEi4rjbUYpGrNH6hMi1aacC1ad8VUo0Kww/w266-h400/PygmyPosy-RichardOng.jpg" width="266" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The classic Libra indecisiveness, while rooted in an ability to weigh all sides, can thwart this sign's ability to make choices. In wanting to be inclusive, they find it difficult to discriminate, yet there will be times when they need to commit to a path and accept this will sacrifice other options. Libra's love of beauty and refinement may have to be measured with soulfulness, and earthiness, allowing them to play in the muck of life so that they do not come across as aloof or snobby.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe61EHMlOXrZlAEWxcGT2soM4JoopA6Iq8XU9e2d7TM5WfeV4FMzJGuSF4suhUUXGEhq4v7iBKLF8NqPgw_RFajSBv4-oTWJ5FpQBAeKmQktFBQbCEpw5HoIkZoLchwPP1pxU9Svyl4HnHioQwCaSlWZ0QFQW7jNQZZN0Ksfmyz10yFD06WNU8jGvei2Y/s2000/PygmyPosy-MarkW2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe61EHMlOXrZlAEWxcGT2soM4JoopA6Iq8XU9e2d7TM5WfeV4FMzJGuSF4suhUUXGEhq4v7iBKLF8NqPgw_RFajSBv4-oTWJ5FpQBAeKmQktFBQbCEpw5HoIkZoLchwPP1pxU9Svyl4HnHioQwCaSlWZ0QFQW7jNQZZN0Ksfmyz10yFD06WNU8jGvei2Y/w400-h266/PygmyPosy-MarkW2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As the world searches for peace, we turn to our Butterfly of the Month for October 2023 - <b><span style="color: red;">The Pygmy Posy</span></b> (<i>Drupadia rufotaenia rufotaenia</i>). Considered a rarity, this small Lycaenidae has a wingspan of about 20mm. It is one of three species of the genus <i>Drupadia </i>that exists in Singapore. It makes a regular appearance within the forested areas of the nature reserves, but appears to have become more rare in recent years.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgycNbL7voFVfFBFcRh4QhrE_yltUP72Oi49g6SJu-ZNJ4jGvYwN9wuNAIUhoIkE7wwBBntB0OIMZAWqoUpw-nUjCAmv1VBZUZpg-MqXWVvD89sQOad8KHTwx7IY4UZk_n4Slt-KaRy4P6FiB1RgaxoX-FaWE9epPCX7MCFQSDr__JmTcfHfIN6nBKrN0s/s2000/PygmyPosy-KhewSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgycNbL7voFVfFBFcRh4QhrE_yltUP72Oi49g6SJu-ZNJ4jGvYwN9wuNAIUhoIkE7wwBBntB0OIMZAWqoUpw-nUjCAmv1VBZUZpg-MqXWVvD89sQOad8KHTwx7IY4UZk_n4Slt-KaRy4P6FiB1RgaxoX-FaWE9epPCX7MCFQSDr__JmTcfHfIN6nBKrN0s/w400-h266/PygmyPosy-KhewSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">At a glance, this species closely resembles the Common Posy, but is much smaller. It has a weak and erratic flight but is skittish and alert to movements. It is often encountered on the young shoots of the Bandicoot Berry (<i>Leea indica</i>) on which it feeds on the sugary excretions of these young shoots. Whenever it appears, it is mostly observed singly.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQsk1Y2InAuACuUHjVyJ1k6lMWHxwlyc0r-dUNdcq_Bn-ph3eYt2QIMNqh2pAi1wZiqYs1badhgDQnAzwYqCFoD9L-o_DOaJIuw_FVyEwqOkqEjA55UqlAMZiMeZ9nAX2qiEIqKR6cMEItH4t5Vy0TJKcXHQBdcgnLxlsxfU-33ATD28TXjmB5X3O6BRQ/s1155/PygmyPosy-LowJK.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="770" data-original-width="1155" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQsk1Y2InAuACuUHjVyJ1k6lMWHxwlyc0r-dUNdcq_Bn-ph3eYt2QIMNqh2pAi1wZiqYs1badhgDQnAzwYqCFoD9L-o_DOaJIuw_FVyEwqOkqEjA55UqlAMZiMeZ9nAX2qiEIqKR6cMEItH4t5Vy0TJKcXHQBdcgnLxlsxfU-33ATD28TXjmB5X3O6BRQ/w400-h266/PygmyPosy-LowJK.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyyaB4mPGlbTE4UeK2XTOTS5tn-EH2OIBnJpgg8g9yHveoPV_U4c3WEfgfWZpmCCl3n_IM0UGugXVIkD6k0NdDNZCFGyZTATmTid4XUPMfhoTfGOiBAJTbTK5AE89bDP3QhCIJOSVvdRMRhWLV_-Hl5lVX9x1LQa2_VDGqyCU5qTAYR7Sfqp3DUa1M82g/s2000/PygmyPosy-KhewSK4.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyyaB4mPGlbTE4UeK2XTOTS5tn-EH2OIBnJpgg8g9yHveoPV_U4c3WEfgfWZpmCCl3n_IM0UGugXVIkD6k0NdDNZCFGyZTATmTid4XUPMfhoTfGOiBAJTbTK5AE89bDP3QhCIJOSVvdRMRhWLV_-Hl5lVX9x1LQa2_VDGqyCU5qTAYR7Sfqp3DUa1M82g/w400-h266/PygmyPosy-KhewSK4.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Pygmy Posy looks for secretions on a young shoot of the Bandicoot Berry (<i>Leea indica</i>)</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The male and female Pygmy Posy are both dark brown on the upperside. The underside is marked and coloured similarly to the Common Posy, but the solid black lines on the hindwing below are packed tighter and closer together. The orange submarginal band on the hindwing extends to vein 3 of this hindwing and this is an important diagnostic characteristic to separate the Pygmy Posy from its lookalikes.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXJ0e1jG_PdfuZLKTIIztmLLq2AUszI9NNKPs4wBQLizU6FTRvuFZcGeUGIoJ8IVOaBjM5E1kGeO_I0YgN9mIwF2wTdJy0ZspTVIranj9oNr2a2AkbAVvM9KgwNhtYlNKqbEAsV3KjjZUTxabijQWiVXnq5-u2s3NJnGQQanWvAbzZHkRp-CBq5pX_0rU/s2048/PygmyPosy-KohCH2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1300" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXJ0e1jG_PdfuZLKTIIztmLLq2AUszI9NNKPs4wBQLizU6FTRvuFZcGeUGIoJ8IVOaBjM5E1kGeO_I0YgN9mIwF2wTdJy0ZspTVIranj9oNr2a2AkbAVvM9KgwNhtYlNKqbEAsV3KjjZUTxabijQWiVXnq5-u2s3NJnGQQanWvAbzZHkRp-CBq5pX_0rU/w400-h254/PygmyPosy-KohCH2.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgntgHYRO2e5A9VLypqtgFA4484kefOXTSV0npAHCEQjAT0yegD2cR85xDHRHUo7f2IoVUIViNFZ3CTAqUrE2CM_oZOhiU-m2vFXFo5XWh9YDn8LWluNmmkkYJzx4b2YgjJFmO5phndS0IbJLj6FG4vCOqhUT4ejpkAqkTx5xkxsJIyJvO2WdVztB4jbl0/s2000/PygmyPosy-KhewSK5a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgntgHYRO2e5A9VLypqtgFA4484kefOXTSV0npAHCEQjAT0yegD2cR85xDHRHUo7f2IoVUIViNFZ3CTAqUrE2CM_oZOhiU-m2vFXFo5XWh9YDn8LWluNmmkkYJzx4b2YgjJFmO5phndS0IbJLj6FG4vCOqhUT4ejpkAqkTx5xkxsJIyJvO2WdVztB4jbl0/w400-h266/PygmyPosy-KhewSK5a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The dark bands on the underside of the forewing are usually broader and heavily marked compared to its other cousins in the genus. The eyes are jet black and the antennae are orange-tipped. The tornal blue scaling is quite extensive and the hindwing possesses three white tails of which the one at vein 2 is the longest. The early stages of the Pygmy Posy still eludes us, and it is hoped that we will one day discover its caterpillar host plant, which is probably found within the nature reserves.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Text by Khew SK : Photos by Chng CK, Khew SK, Koh CH, Loh MY, Low JK, Richard Ong and Mark Wong</b></span></div><br />Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-68223247860279088202023-09-30T22:19:00.000+08:002023-09-30T22:19:00.297+08:00Butterfly of the Month - September 2023<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - September 2023</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Silver Royal</span> (<i>Ancema blanka blanka</i>)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_1XqwJNjxd8079e6M_RJkekDxgD-9iNVJm3ittms1-E5WcHncbeXmI8ncWXB4k7ZKmtjw7fGttY1LMIKFcjRTtXtX5R3IPIxKuv4NQpUwWNfBb-Yu4FHrctiqbQ59JKW28u5xglc6AqX-UTqZwEj5UTQDvnzvTag_oDErAOp4G474RYFvlbGEwyIr3H0/s2000/SilverRoyal-KSK1.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_1XqwJNjxd8079e6M_RJkekDxgD-9iNVJm3ittms1-E5WcHncbeXmI8ncWXB4k7ZKmtjw7fGttY1LMIKFcjRTtXtX5R3IPIxKuv4NQpUwWNfBb-Yu4FHrctiqbQ59JKW28u5xglc6AqX-UTqZwEj5UTQDvnzvTag_oDErAOp4G474RYFvlbGEwyIr3H0/w400-h266/SilverRoyal-KSK1.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On this last day of September 2023, the Chinese community all around the world herald this year's Mid Autumn Festival (or the month of the moon cakes!). The Hungry Ghost month is over and the "gates of hell close for another year. The month of September belongs to the astrological sign <span style="color: red;"><b>Virgo</b></span>. For those born between 23 August and 22 September, your zodiac sign is Virgo. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer and Leo in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, <span style="color: red;"><b>Virgo</b></span>, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzXdimlT4c2jlvun0i7VW1hcuJOnjwtQHL_tQJLT7ayTP7mC_ro-cF3hlw0Oiakq4TkeVpow2OUTxdjemaYtU_rMrcZCwf0SjYoFVDFM9p1ZzSGBTwr9rXZ1n1nejAT3n-vjr431MBf6txSWkc74MdFoc_GR82jPJZ50OAMyX3QozvNzz_4eRdgJm8ZuM/s2000/SR_female_LohMY.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzXdimlT4c2jlvun0i7VW1hcuJOnjwtQHL_tQJLT7ayTP7mC_ro-cF3hlw0Oiakq4TkeVpow2OUTxdjemaYtU_rMrcZCwf0SjYoFVDFM9p1ZzSGBTwr9rXZ1n1nejAT3n-vjr431MBf6txSWkc74MdFoc_GR82jPJZ50OAMyX3QozvNzz_4eRdgJm8ZuM/w400-h266/SR_female_LohMY.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Virgo (♍︎) (Ancient Greek: Παρθένος, romanized: Parthénos) (Latin for "virgin" or "maiden") is the sixth astrological sign in the zodiac. The constellation Virgo has many different origins, depending on mythology. Most myths view Virgo as a virgin maiden that carries her associations with wheat. This shows Virgo's deep-rooted presence in the material world. Virgos are said to be logical, practical, and systematic in how they see life. Virgos are often the most successful people in the world.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwilU-OHhD3YNSEOuMjrhUIjoPirnzDNdX2cpdxVger9pdjfra-7HYOncXGRD11K39chooymAM5Kfr6wYoLSdMJJB-eZ380rYQgiRaAS83LpZ_xNDjpsfP37-o7SDN9Ytd2K45oR409tlc8InKi1LHpDkm7C77EubEK7BoBeBMAemVxWzQRv3ONHFfnX4/s1200/SilverRoyal_female_LokePF.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwilU-OHhD3YNSEOuMjrhUIjoPirnzDNdX2cpdxVger9pdjfra-7HYOncXGRD11K39chooymAM5Kfr6wYoLSdMJJB-eZ380rYQgiRaAS83LpZ_xNDjpsfP37-o7SDN9Ytd2K45oR409tlc8InKi1LHpDkm7C77EubEK7BoBeBMAemVxWzQRv3ONHFfnX4/w400-h266/SilverRoyal_female_LokePF.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxOCpQKngDZI6a2mHS2SYjScj4erqpefkWkL7xfBRjlJjGVM9kiYwyU5n7J_jh9KXT6lz5abTZsfZtfEQquhkvJwnWsgamG7KgC12quKZpvfamEc6SRmDY-uaU-aT_34rNoOJ4XTLWAVtGx7MFR70gWXVuTOX-gVU4y5LIuO2iPxL9uHO0vtW9ZnxGwaI/s2000/SilverRoyalKSK2b.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxOCpQKngDZI6a2mHS2SYjScj4erqpefkWkL7xfBRjlJjGVM9kiYwyU5n7J_jh9KXT6lz5abTZsfZtfEQquhkvJwnWsgamG7KgC12quKZpvfamEc6SRmDY-uaU-aT_34rNoOJ4XTLWAVtGx7MFR70gWXVuTOX-gVU4y5LIuO2iPxL9uHO0vtW9ZnxGwaI/w400-h266/SilverRoyalKSK2b.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Silver Royal Female (top) and Male (bottom) feeding at flowering plants</span></b></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Smart, sophisticated, and kind, Virgo gets the job done without complaining. Virgos are amazing friends, always there to lend a hand and also lend advice. Practical Virgos are incredibly adept at big picture thinking, and planning out their life, their vacations, and what they're going to do today. The Virgoan is the ultimate combination of brains and beauty. They have got great organizational skills, not to mention highly developed characteristics and a dedicated work ethic.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwCv5LFXVdLbt7xcLI-4EZph9yRzU64N66E3IQD5236b2Ic2QgW0FjmE8roDM80S-7LYBKiktkJpif4bibz_iPD7jV8oehf-enLfl0KZzxqimUMZoofAG4v83W7xo2DHyY6LXFPZlJkYpmo-UZ_9BEon1a2rLiZorBS__tNz3dVwo4trmi6aLOWWVLo4/s2000/SilverRoyal-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwCv5LFXVdLbt7xcLI-4EZph9yRzU64N66E3IQD5236b2Ic2QgW0FjmE8roDM80S-7LYBKiktkJpif4bibz_iPD7jV8oehf-enLfl0KZzxqimUMZoofAG4v83W7xo2DHyY6LXFPZlJkYpmo-UZ_9BEon1a2rLiZorBS__tNz3dVwo4trmi6aLOWWVLo4/w400-h266/SilverRoyal-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Virgoans are deep thinkers, and can sometimes seem shy at first meeting. A Virgo won't spill secrets right away, and it's important to earn a Virgo's trust. But once you do, that Virgin will be a friend for life. Virgos expect perfection from themselves, and they may project those high standards on the other people in their life. Virgoans love and are inspired by beauty. Intelligent and a lifelong learner, Virgo loves trying new things, reading books, and learning about the world. They'll happily sign up for an adult-education course, and they consider an afternoon in bed with a book pretty much ideal.</span></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9_EG9cW6UcY1Ly9GIsDrnDHMsTTi2XXmi1FjkMc7GUhON_COJrbr8eqYbywOc79fdui3JENPexlB4WQLk29YUy7V9pb_Tt0Qw0N_CdnFW4C680mIMEf4h_uQSBX_52i_dvqN2kJTnvrqr3fKl2-LapYHGnuR8c0OtOo6wBbsaCnE52UBoFXvoIDHP3IY/s2000/SilverRoyal-KSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9_EG9cW6UcY1Ly9GIsDrnDHMsTTi2XXmi1FjkMc7GUhON_COJrbr8eqYbywOc79fdui3JENPexlB4WQLk29YUy7V9pb_Tt0Qw0N_CdnFW4C680mIMEf4h_uQSBX_52i_dvqN2kJTnvrqr3fKl2-LapYHGnuR8c0OtOo6wBbsaCnE52UBoFXvoIDHP3IY/w400-h266/SilverRoyal-KSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Virgo's desire to have everything be perfect can manifest in frustration when things don't live up to those (sometimes unrealistic) expectations. Besides occasionally leading to fights with friends and partners, their obsession with perfection can sometimes stall important decisions in their lives. Learning to go with the flow and accept "good enough" is a constant struggle for them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX0AzF53cyyZbEzJpCqEi8LyeokBLdLANmFeo6IEkJLzUKA0WjsT8aQoOhAG7L0l8GpElmolKj7IbDFQHiswovL5bkYXjI9f0psfxMv6qAy0X307dIwO77-oHFhhNCb1rhFgMuxkJQcW3FTYXVFDoM34akI5uy8nyFtCYlFbWkyAgh4jQKgihWeWfg1SQ/s800/SR_male_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX0AzF53cyyZbEzJpCqEi8LyeokBLdLANmFeo6IEkJLzUKA0WjsT8aQoOhAG7L0l8GpElmolKj7IbDFQHiswovL5bkYXjI9f0psfxMv6qAy0X307dIwO77-oHFhhNCb1rhFgMuxkJQcW3FTYXVFDoM34akI5uy8nyFtCYlFbWkyAgh4jQKgihWeWfg1SQ/w400-h266/SR_male_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A male Silver Royal feeding at the flowers of the Mile-A-Minute weed</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our Butterfly of the Month for September 2023 is the <b><span style="color: red;">Silver Royal</span></b>. Up to the 2020's it has been seen only a few times in Singapore - at least twice at the Southern Ridges hill tops. It was a re-discovery in 2005 when it was spotted feeding at the flowers of a Syzygium tree. A fast-flying species, it is usually skittish and probably prefers treetop habitats unless individuals descend to the lower shrubbery to feed or oviposit. However, in recent years, it has been making more regular appearances and appears to be less rare than before.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0tcB7RhwARj0cIhxzVgnEq-jHP-6GQtet7zqCu43c8_nWiOJ_MorGjoabw83GF_rESGduC3LJ-tPsgbMETwImXQx2DPW-4zJKAbkmr0jOtJq9s5-aneW0XZ6CRHHeZjwXVXm9xaSGQBtvgm3XN1IgCCxr2PYzbf5zPQartJ1IO-h9IwNYGG388uyHbOw/s800/SR_Male_upperside_X.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0tcB7RhwARj0cIhxzVgnEq-jHP-6GQtet7zqCu43c8_nWiOJ_MorGjoabw83GF_rESGduC3LJ-tPsgbMETwImXQx2DPW-4zJKAbkmr0jOtJq9s5-aneW0XZ6CRHHeZjwXVXm9xaSGQBtvgm3XN1IgCCxr2PYzbf5zPQartJ1IO-h9IwNYGG388uyHbOw/w400-h266/SR_Male_upperside_X.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-gTSfNK9pgav2FZJ7-_rSp0ByX_1jlN36qItabEE5pLSutKnYYRV1aEDcxag1IIBxz0dN4AQU1EuCx52ySzbbU8D7BdoYI7RYwKxxBlz2NVNXJHMZTBaR38jdUf_MeRhFkE0Z0GOC1ChWbJB37OUK2tjWiw-eqWSlQRsDn5t_1SuFbFeh5nyYa51KiEY/s800/SR_female_upperside_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-gTSfNK9pgav2FZJ7-_rSp0ByX_1jlN36qItabEE5pLSutKnYYRV1aEDcxag1IIBxz0dN4AQU1EuCx52ySzbbU8D7BdoYI7RYwKxxBlz2NVNXJHMZTBaR38jdUf_MeRhFkE0Z0GOC1ChWbJB37OUK2tjWiw-eqWSlQRsDn5t_1SuFbFeh5nyYa51KiEY/w400-h266/SR_female_upperside_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Silver Royal - Male upperside (top) and Female upperside (bottom)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />The male of the Silver Royal is a bright shining blue with broad black forewing borders and darkened veins on both wings. The female is a lighter shade of blue and has rounder wings. The underside is distinctive of males of this species and sports a silvery sheen when light shines at a certain angle on the wings. There are two prominent black tornal spots that are orange-crowned and there are two tails at veins 1b and 2 on the hindwing.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKcwcXmnkZAYdVFgSBI65dyCkdKSVNzsy9zkbeQwqlxMyS7NolNUBma20p9kAdAy4sVqIAhA8SHYP4lvqZlZ_8Y1mz1jgRmYzZcUU42PYt9P1Um2OrI78MvVHd7O4yQUyN22c_7LrKyAqyJ-nexJcfZGIZZ4xprea9qeic1HlrUaLBQ0BsH4Wr1uL-DXI/s1600/SilverRoyal-KSK6.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKcwcXmnkZAYdVFgSBI65dyCkdKSVNzsy9zkbeQwqlxMyS7NolNUBma20p9kAdAy4sVqIAhA8SHYP4lvqZlZ_8Y1mz1jgRmYzZcUU42PYt9P1Um2OrI78MvVHd7O4yQUyN22c_7LrKyAqyJ-nexJcfZGIZZ4xprea9qeic1HlrUaLBQ0BsH4Wr1uL-DXI/w400-h266/SilverRoyal-KSK6.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7bfw8_-VSQGkFZIpm0Y8_a2OYGkBeMEmCBc9D83h30WbcYJ-0pfZKJ44kHEx39uQoVkWrfLsdA19Ir1VXeBM598rscBggyUbsqlXVczy5yrGO2Z7PHF3MQBkOo3OkazR1muH1M6YJ1iwASgipPW6HlIea67jrcXiJDYSWtLAGV7-1nogJ2BhThpJf7Ww/s2000/SR_female_LohMY_02.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1334" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7bfw8_-VSQGkFZIpm0Y8_a2OYGkBeMEmCBc9D83h30WbcYJ-0pfZKJ44kHEx39uQoVkWrfLsdA19Ir1VXeBM598rscBggyUbsqlXVczy5yrGO2Z7PHF3MQBkOo3OkazR1muH1M6YJ1iwASgipPW6HlIea67jrcXiJDYSWtLAGV7-1nogJ2BhThpJf7Ww/w400-h266/SR_female_LohMY_02.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Silver Royal is skittish and flies rapidly like most members of the Theclinae. It is the only representative of its genus <i>Ancema </i>in Singapore. It has been observed feeding on flowering plants like the Mile-A-Minute, <i>Syzygium</i> and the inflorescence of the Common Ivy Palm (<i>Arthrophyllum diversifolium</i>), often in the company of other Lycaenidae.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitKT3q1sVo3g8rgGpzAIsLUaiD_IvCt0psqdgZNACk8uFsOrfFhVJ09eZ8dGlv-CBVjqrWUcHSYP0c_qbgxB1hxLew9gjdHzuHkzi3SIQHh_Nhgn1U2jucNl-ofpQdZ0oAKgAoB1IO7FoKyvCjqHzjnt5fZHRA4qqwM3WHTKbkw6_4tjvMXrelJyQs4J8/s2000/SilverRoyalKSK5.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitKT3q1sVo3g8rgGpzAIsLUaiD_IvCt0psqdgZNACk8uFsOrfFhVJ09eZ8dGlv-CBVjqrWUcHSYP0c_qbgxB1hxLew9gjdHzuHkzi3SIQHh_Nhgn1U2jucNl-ofpQdZ0oAKgAoB1IO7FoKyvCjqHzjnt5fZHRA4qqwM3WHTKbkw6_4tjvMXrelJyQs4J8/w400-h266/SilverRoyalKSK5.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsm5V8lGqkFst7aqsqk_E7-StJvFHIn-5WtR2EezO2vBk5yBbFTA1QWtN1OPv7bFDuMwYe5u4dB8YfMEDWPTAuIpWn-L3gJVQe6EqABZTb-1wuMkcOWTAgTMLpR8aDLukIN2mU42NwmVtWESPL-_Z-5Svz0pKFNc_CrsnqoO-6-A33mxCZbEedPFJOFgM/s1600/SilverRoyal-KSK.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsm5V8lGqkFst7aqsqk_E7-StJvFHIn-5WtR2EezO2vBk5yBbFTA1QWtN1OPv7bFDuMwYe5u4dB8YfMEDWPTAuIpWn-L3gJVQe6EqABZTb-1wuMkcOWTAgTMLpR8aDLukIN2mU42NwmVtWESPL-_Z-5Svz0pKFNc_CrsnqoO-6-A33mxCZbEedPFJOFgM/w400-h266/SilverRoyal-KSK.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Male Silver Royals puddling at muddy footpaths </b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Males of the species are also observed puddling at muddy streambanks and footpaths, whilst the rarer females are more often seen in forested areas foraging amongst flowering plants.The life history of the Silver Royal has been <a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2022/04/life-history-of-silver-royal.html" target="_blank">successfully documented</a> on the local host plant, the Oval Leafed Mistletoe (<i>Viscum ovalifolium</i>). Coincidentally, this parasitic plant is more abundant amongst the tall trees of the Southern Ridges, especially at Telok Blangah Hill Park.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Khew SK, Loh MY, Loke PF and Horace Tan</span></b></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-89012706558087854072023-08-30T22:37:00.000+08:002023-08-30T22:37:07.217+08:00Butterfly of the Month - August 2023<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - August 2023</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Large Fourline Blue </span>(<i>Nacaduba pactolus odon</i>)</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvKEx5lu92p8jd9IJOKJFECloZzkabqffAsVM_Gnucw_BY7ji6jqlNOZcs-E5jn4xItBmE5-zo_8NcxVHJwGxXbHmS3WUHhmJEQ9EPmZDwszspgfyl1EObxe_uIDXMIKDmgTPC-Y2APEqoZs1zKI8OWHuAqcs7HLeCSFYaRkh71Tken1RexjMck6MUfOI/s2000/Large4LineBlue-KSKa.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvKEx5lu92p8jd9IJOKJFECloZzkabqffAsVM_Gnucw_BY7ji6jqlNOZcs-E5jn4xItBmE5-zo_8NcxVHJwGxXbHmS3WUHhmJEQ9EPmZDwszspgfyl1EObxe_uIDXMIKDmgTPC-Y2APEqoZs1zKI8OWHuAqcs7HLeCSFYaRkh71Tken1RexjMck6MUfOI/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-KSKa.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A Large Fourline Blue feeding on the flowers of the Mile-A-Minute climber</span></b></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Two thirds of the year 2023 have come and almost gone, as we wind down to the last 48 hours of the month of August. Singapore has celebrated its 58th birthday, as the nation reminisces where it came from, and look ahead to where it will be in the coming decade and beyond. The month of August belongs to the astrological sign Leo. For those born between 23 July and 22 August, your zodiac sign is <b><span style="color: red;">Leo</span></b>. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini and Cancer in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTSbTQmCLJG8NOtsnKMEDFZ_TkktV8-UP9MZHNuvAtbpRjfR0ZvMn8hNI9bTVxoU2YTyUQGdg8D6mXJ-8Zmc8r0ngpDKVHLvQDFddX5OhtjPHuhJvhOfj9fBrQhi0IQ2YE-aqdj0uJqMjUOuR8MIGpuirrxuTGi7OQDNhx5BLhivnGepydw_vV7Ee4BXk/s1280/Large4LineBlue-LowJK.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTSbTQmCLJG8NOtsnKMEDFZ_TkktV8-UP9MZHNuvAtbpRjfR0ZvMn8hNI9bTVxoU2YTyUQGdg8D6mXJ-8Zmc8r0ngpDKVHLvQDFddX5OhtjPHuhJvhOfj9fBrQhi0IQ2YE-aqdj0uJqMjUOuR8MIGpuirrxuTGi7OQDNhx5BLhivnGepydw_vV7Ee4BXk/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-LowJK.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNioLXuBPLAkCr5GTznQ-CpNdsmdAhXjEmTJHkQFeGy29YQQv_YlugUW16sjXMpKojOkKs9QZ0cNlHzXytGl3qtj3LIJ61tZviYwPzIZK7tY_rHOk-gY4iBpFI7y2CWsFmtCgHdnuZqpagllxg73rC44NTJToLcFR7w2QDiM-tLx30yZ54CO-Vazo0UjU/s2000/Large4LineBlue-HoraceT.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNioLXuBPLAkCr5GTznQ-CpNdsmdAhXjEmTJHkQFeGy29YQQv_YlugUW16sjXMpKojOkKs9QZ0cNlHzXytGl3qtj3LIJ61tZviYwPzIZK7tY_rHOk-gY4iBpFI7y2CWsFmtCgHdnuZqpagllxg73rC44NTJToLcFR7w2QDiM-tLx30yZ54CO-Vazo0UjU/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-HoraceT.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Leo (♌︎) (Ancient Greek: Λέων, romanized: Léōn, Latin for "lion") is the fifth sign of the zodiac. Leo is associated with the mythological Nemean lion. The lion is a very important and prominent symbol in Greek mythology. In Greek mythology, Leo was identified as the Nemean Lion which was killed by Hercules during the first of his twelve labours. Hercules killed the Nemean Lion with his bare hands, as the lion was impervious to all weapons. This zodiac sign is often represented by fire.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8eOKMWNNuL93ZCA6jZuK6vUc1yKHKiNBwP2G8MJ9702cSi5Ij-oLVe8Vb040V--Fzlou0QDd-HftKCuAojfGgYfQ-W0bwyQkEPcedQTS3hDfKGbSYqfxukf2tf-P-p5nKMiGPUaqre5Mbhxhk0DhEpeooDM1f0BwAK2FBLK4n9tawL7URvT8ODfMHtiQ/s2000/Large4LineBlue-KSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8eOKMWNNuL93ZCA6jZuK6vUc1yKHKiNBwP2G8MJ9702cSi5Ij-oLVe8Vb040V--Fzlou0QDd-HftKCuAojfGgYfQ-W0bwyQkEPcedQTS3hDfKGbSYqfxukf2tf-P-p5nKMiGPUaqre5Mbhxhk0DhEpeooDM1f0BwAK2FBLK4n9tawL7URvT8ODfMHtiQ/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-KSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Sg_wiXuAtzGVSuARG5AAnSlPBjHa7B8bzhsbDTFQCYgnQ3LtHWV1PXXg2tA9cN_PEUK7i3lMUzZGbDBfnwLBAhErLjNGzA3-Ft7sK95QLZ-unKIwtqTb08XDGMgXxKiCIgjNLJvxUe10OOdjeQl8AajzdvwSozLytH3uo40JPbm_WsCIcL9jQMR70uM/s1999/Large4LineBlue-AaronS.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="1999" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Sg_wiXuAtzGVSuARG5AAnSlPBjHa7B8bzhsbDTFQCYgnQ3LtHWV1PXXg2tA9cN_PEUK7i3lMUzZGbDBfnwLBAhErLjNGzA3-Ft7sK95QLZ-unKIwtqTb08XDGMgXxKiCIgjNLJvxUe10OOdjeQl8AajzdvwSozLytH3uo40JPbm_WsCIcL9jQMR70uM/w400-h283/Large4LineBlue-AaronS.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Leos tend to be full of primal, creative energy. This is a sign that embodies the fire that lives within us all. Those born under the sign of Leo wants to see and be seen, just like the sun that rules it, which is why Leo is associated with visibility, attention, courage, generosity, and creative impulses. Leo's symbol, the lion, is equally telling: Lions are the kings of the jungle, known for their fierce courage and natural regality.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz4xgKbUA6HoxrU3r3thyZtC4T4j0PTau2QLzzyCZ7HZvMxpo3wsarS8zda0_fPJCEz3Erf-OfLkHjru0r2od_9kEx_5wOhxtKZRL07DSeNKkuouz5EUMNwIT2RTPj-EHY-LQPZbOE4Q6YzxXc-eMI57ZtQN_fs9VMUSIgUHwu3kRIUJjks14CG6CS8Rk/s600/Large4LineBlue-FedHo.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz4xgKbUA6HoxrU3r3thyZtC4T4j0PTau2QLzzyCZ7HZvMxpo3wsarS8zda0_fPJCEz3Erf-OfLkHjru0r2od_9kEx_5wOhxtKZRL07DSeNKkuouz5EUMNwIT2RTPj-EHY-LQPZbOE4Q6YzxXc-eMI57ZtQN_fs9VMUSIgUHwu3kRIUJjks14CG6CS8Rk/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-FedHo.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Leos often see themselves as born leaders and are never ready to sacrifice this power. They will try to take leadership positions in every situation no matter whether it is teamwork or family. Moreover, they can be very opinionated and find it hard to accept another person’s viewpoint. They are determined by nature, and focused on completing whatever task they start. Leo is a good friend who will protect people he loves and supports them in any life situation. Their attitude to friends is exceptional and they do not pull punches and can be very honest and direct.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhA8HsMp64Tr6FDJFNAxuXQOqtLX86-aqmvnOb4LFFQ-q5v3HFKCM-gwby7P0CJSZr6Uqti1ZtQfmOiauh36803g-O1Q1Ssv9nUCw3KJb9Q9cJSuAKqYOVLHjAT5ZTBhrqV6Izvrx6n6hNGeIkGRadEgChjkRSN8lJHSVPdm46cRnxQoLny3XC3Us4UR0/s2000/Large4LineBlue-HoraceT2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhA8HsMp64Tr6FDJFNAxuXQOqtLX86-aqmvnOb4LFFQ-q5v3HFKCM-gwby7P0CJSZr6Uqti1ZtQfmOiauh36803g-O1Q1Ssv9nUCw3KJb9Q9cJSuAKqYOVLHjAT5ZTBhrqV6Izvrx6n6hNGeIkGRadEgChjkRSN8lJHSVPdm46cRnxQoLny3XC3Us4UR0/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-HoraceT2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">One of the negative traits of Leos is arrogance. They often cross the line of simple confidence that gradually transforms into conceit and arrogance. Their belligerence and self-centredness in their pursuit of dominance and a centre of attraction does not earn them respect or win them popularity votes in certain situations. However, they will not bow down to threats and will spoil for a fight to defend their throne. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVAjHUP2KHHpkZ2--YTPptfaCXJ3QTDRWLigY6SRLCPGIMXbWT8IbEwFaPHtf6NiESAZO77Kj5PaNykR0xQFEX8XRR75Y_W8UgQHaHZlHzkyyB5wWyPnhVpwg6oPmZBp8inALmzzQFka5NESoE8qe7GUzDZrZJVEmongeCi5raRkbIcbhaVuqNI3xBEM0/s2000/Large4LineBlue-LohMY.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVAjHUP2KHHpkZ2--YTPptfaCXJ3QTDRWLigY6SRLCPGIMXbWT8IbEwFaPHtf6NiESAZO77Kj5PaNykR0xQFEX8XRR75Y_W8UgQHaHZlHzkyyB5wWyPnhVpwg6oPmZBp8inALmzzQFka5NESoE8qe7GUzDZrZJVEmongeCi5raRkbIcbhaVuqNI3xBEM0/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-LohMY.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A mating pair of the Large Fourline Blue spotted at Lornie Park Connector</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Our Butterfly of the Month for August 2023 is the <b><span style="color: red;">Large Fourline Blue</span></b> (<i>Nacaduba pactolus odon</i>). This species was re-discovered in late 2009 and reinstated to the Singapore Checklist. One of the many lookalikes in the genus <i>Nacaduba, </i>the Large Fourline Blue is one of several species in the <i>pavana </i>group which lacks the pair of sub-basal lines on the underside of the forewing, hence having only "four" lines on the forewing.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9udZ0ODDW_eXtHRuPs1w4a0Eqp_zM0EOSTCHcMm6SoLpQ6ipZzIE4CLU129Q9GQ00C7msBPzvLoidXZWSYeIP1xICIE2WhBNAilo4SmS6URPZnewFXwB9diY6ocoemc3gePxkNN0XZGfXgErYeONB8jykJd0Fy07jO7RiIMiPzLWjSJsHeuPVRii1Vsk/s2000/Large4LineBlue-KSK4a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9udZ0ODDW_eXtHRuPs1w4a0Eqp_zM0EOSTCHcMm6SoLpQ6ipZzIE4CLU129Q9GQ00C7msBPzvLoidXZWSYeIP1xICIE2WhBNAilo4SmS6URPZnewFXwB9diY6ocoemc3gePxkNN0XZGfXgErYeONB8jykJd0Fy07jO7RiIMiPzLWjSJsHeuPVRii1Vsk/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-KSK4a.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7U-A9Hj5iD85Fs3gzgAgj_b5TwTyMsMJNT5aD3n-O8Lt22usfD3VgaB8D7FoOBMzlCI4JguogupA231XWl3uaWxJBrBOkq56m-51CLgG_AfwaJZ4qa_haNrqhPyOwOb1aACr7FXnmbLoYjgXuNilpPYKJLcfEyrtvlNux7qSmf4jpw22KoeAA0jTeVMA/s600/NPO_adult_field_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7U-A9Hj5iD85Fs3gzgAgj_b5TwTyMsMJNT5aD3n-O8Lt22usfD3VgaB8D7FoOBMzlCI4JguogupA231XWl3uaWxJBrBOkq56m-51CLgG_AfwaJZ4qa_haNrqhPyOwOb1aACr7FXnmbLoYjgXuNilpPYKJLcfEyrtvlNux7qSmf4jpw22KoeAA0jTeVMA/w400-h266/NPO_adult_field_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The Large Fourline Blue is moderately rare in Singapore, but is widely distributed across the island from forest habitats to urban parks and gardens. It is the largest species of the genus and displays the typical behaviour of basking in the late afternoon sun with opened wings. At other times of the day, The Large Fourline Blue may be seen settled in the shade.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQg6zaZdYkHbMR3z81TLO_Y1BN0yE1-Sy1vR2QVnWSQL7VJp531i6r9r2EHIfide7Gn0qHRuMtuUPCSbc__F3m_189fkyJFA-UNWKuBz-haL0U2ZuwKWcfEDkS9a-_VoHCPB1R2jvh0MD-9mx-0x6aR7huTL56oNT7EljdUXhOIPCoiY1xKhIzD5QP2J0/s2000/Large4LineBlue-KSK5.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQg6zaZdYkHbMR3z81TLO_Y1BN0yE1-Sy1vR2QVnWSQL7VJp531i6r9r2EHIfide7Gn0qHRuMtuUPCSbc__F3m_189fkyJFA-UNWKuBz-haL0U2ZuwKWcfEDkS9a-_VoHCPB1R2jvh0MD-9mx-0x6aR7huTL56oNT7EljdUXhOIPCoiY1xKhIzD5QP2J0/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-KSK5.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The male of the Large Fourline Blue is purplish-blue above, with marginal borders of about 1mm thick. The female is pale blue with the distal portions of the wings almost whitish, and with broad black marginal borders of about 3-4mm thick on both wings. On the underside, the striations are usually thick and more diffuse than most species in the <i>Nacaduba</i> genus. The hindwing features a filamentous white-tipped tail at vein 2.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Pu2xe_-Wg9zjA3GFE7kT0k7jo9PFlDKU-iiSbvQrnB9UVabACJ3K544ZKWpSrMvwcPQduoNIP93uyg4j-ls5S9WC6vJa_pQd3E__kpQklQN3I6t45hRpnKByRFOW7A6mXhy2jDeBI0j3IvTL2eEr-VQUTfxuMEUWw1Qm7LRKOLiXkYLe5pm8WAnaInw/s1627/Large4LineBlue-LowJK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1085" data-original-width="1627" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Pu2xe_-Wg9zjA3GFE7kT0k7jo9PFlDKU-iiSbvQrnB9UVabACJ3K544ZKWpSrMvwcPQduoNIP93uyg4j-ls5S9WC6vJa_pQd3E__kpQklQN3I6t45hRpnKByRFOW7A6mXhy2jDeBI0j3IvTL2eEr-VQUTfxuMEUWw1Qm7LRKOLiXkYLe5pm8WAnaInw/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-LowJK2.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1JbZeGYIA72bRplNGcDgCb0SRsM95_HualAk-Ce9aEdjBSZbZ42Oljew9ruwdXBftiOZPkWGjW6MNopoo5yYum3nIAJ08Dn0AYsYw1aCofcVMjMF4rYNQDbqUjCxRi4k2UGlhfBpH9xJjWKrqATDTGiwcJcxUyaryxixTmqgudNuwUigbkEyVzRNAd_I/s1684/Large4LineBlue-DavidC.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1130" data-original-width="1684" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1JbZeGYIA72bRplNGcDgCb0SRsM95_HualAk-Ce9aEdjBSZbZ42Oljew9ruwdXBftiOZPkWGjW6MNopoo5yYum3nIAJ08Dn0AYsYw1aCofcVMjMF4rYNQDbqUjCxRi4k2UGlhfBpH9xJjWKrqATDTGiwcJcxUyaryxixTmqgudNuwUigbkEyVzRNAd_I/w400-h269/Large4LineBlue-DavidC.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Large Fourline Blue puddling at a sandy streambank</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4z7do7bG_6gLubIuBRwDV4mfrRG-YXU0o1DnvFQB13IXnG2EjAT0-HfkDwWYW5t-QR3oDM2Jt_KZVQEg_mbNybEkPU4IesBdmxoG3G5eeT_TB1jeFywwjQqHwDGxC2gbcKdFDzoAizbUjKAk8FkLjV5zw-jAfPTeGQkWV6Ol-K83eiMZTLNuqCBWWzPY/s2000/Large4LineBlue-KSK6a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4z7do7bG_6gLubIuBRwDV4mfrRG-YXU0o1DnvFQB13IXnG2EjAT0-HfkDwWYW5t-QR3oDM2Jt_KZVQEg_mbNybEkPU4IesBdmxoG3G5eeT_TB1jeFywwjQqHwDGxC2gbcKdFDzoAizbUjKAk8FkLjV5zw-jAfPTeGQkWV6Ol-K83eiMZTLNuqCBWWzPY/w400-h266/Large4LineBlue-KSK6a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The species can also be encountered feeding on flowering plants and bushes like the Snakeweed, Stringbush, Mile-a-Minute and others. They are quite often seen puddling at damp muddy footpaths that are tainted with organic matter. When disturbed, the Large Fourline Blue flies erratically and can be skittish. The species has been <a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2009/11/life-history-of-large-four-line-blue.html" target="_blank">successfully bred</a> on <i>Entada spiralis</i> in Singapore.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by David Chan, Federick Ho, Khew SK, Loh MY, Low JK, Aaron Soh and Horace Tan </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><br /><br />Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-20348902731412145552023-07-30T20:15:00.004+08:002023-07-30T20:27:42.383+08:00Butterfly of the Month - July 2023<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - July 2023</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Eliot's Cornelian</span> (<i>Deudorix elioti</i>)</span></b></div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyFiMDlr0Dw-kfPtiwCSO3KCVzk80yuTz2VSjLyd2mDwrY58MN8PrE1-E0EIz6pAQ1l4cRHtExZxcLIA64sawqQo-J42JXbntPW0gZkLOD8XK9ppgHhhORtWtnTBJyQ4U-ogk1qP4Ur9vB6lvp0NzEGWx0ChrY4Fa25djOV5Pj6EByT-hhWWJxh5dI18w/s2400/bcd850-EliotsCornelian.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyFiMDlr0Dw-kfPtiwCSO3KCVzk80yuTz2VSjLyd2mDwrY58MN8PrE1-E0EIz6pAQ1l4cRHtExZxcLIA64sawqQo-J42JXbntPW0gZkLOD8XK9ppgHhhORtWtnTBJyQ4U-ogk1qP4Ur9vB6lvp0NzEGWx0ChrY4Fa25djOV5Pj6EByT-hhWWJxh5dI18w/w400-h266/bcd850-EliotsCornelian.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>An Eliot's Cornelian perched on a leaf at the forest edge of Singapore's nature reserves</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">We are into the second half of the year 2023, and we are experiencing record high temperatures and unprecedented climate phenomena in many countries in the northern hemisphere. Extreme floods hit other parts of the world, damaging properties and killed people. Did some clueless politician once say that climate change is a figment of scientists' and climatologists' imagination? The month of July belongs to the astrological sign <span style="color: red;"><b>Cancer</b></span>. For those born between 22 June and 22 July, your zodiac sign is Cancer. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus and Gemini in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN4t-1ouThHJ6oLTTIOHEwMQCR9HDLrZNHheq8eYVVYJRDewEXNiocR0lfyVPnCn1eWJXFROFq3QijWA1Po2qciQef-fnoLo4S9FKNiuOB87Br9CCG1r0AkjqY4zVpmL4rQnKCLhygYjzsplnAkgqhlEcWqpLT2nMMfuwVe3hrjSJsIGxEI7LD9Vl5MMQ/s1343/EliotsCornelian-MichaelKhor.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="894" data-original-width="1343" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN4t-1ouThHJ6oLTTIOHEwMQCR9HDLrZNHheq8eYVVYJRDewEXNiocR0lfyVPnCn1eWJXFROFq3QijWA1Po2qciQef-fnoLo4S9FKNiuOB87Br9CCG1r0AkjqY4zVpmL4rQnKCLhygYjzsplnAkgqhlEcWqpLT2nMMfuwVe3hrjSJsIGxEI7LD9Vl5MMQ/w400-h266/EliotsCornelian-MichaelKhor.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>An Eliot's Cornelian feeding at the flowers of the Bandicoot Berry (<i>Leea indica</i>)</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW3y7enaj1sLeKNlK5yGBTHQtHNl109lWm8QlNnFAaCzKsKfXG_hJFlHOgnkw8N9d7G6x_UIsflEmI0icW4z3pssK_8DXQKQOamZmpnTkKrI6_RRjSB80i9XyHOHXidCLHT2ERZs3zXXIDD-01lnygPAnq_hER7RC04_Rrbo0eXHpXd9VLWdAz8pOhAXM/s2000/EliotsCornelian-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW3y7enaj1sLeKNlK5yGBTHQtHNl109lWm8QlNnFAaCzKsKfXG_hJFlHOgnkw8N9d7G6x_UIsflEmI0icW4z3pssK_8DXQKQOamZmpnTkKrI6_RRjSB80i9XyHOHXidCLHT2ERZs3zXXIDD-01lnygPAnq_hER7RC04_Rrbo0eXHpXd9VLWdAz8pOhAXM/w400-h266/EliotsCornelian-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Even as far north as Beijing in China, the mercury reached record values. The temperature in Beijing breached 41 degrees Celsius last month and shattered the record for the hottest day as heatwaves that had seared northern China a week earlier returned to the Chinese capital. Having travelled to Beijing in December and January before, I recall seeing snow on one of my trips there in winter, and yet hearing about 41 degree summers is quite unimaginable!</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT0lueJCLx6zrmRvXg2IY8tJVrjw7QfzlQ-zl2HgDf2uyF47QfvT9g0IdsyEgGSAewJuQhp3_Eb43nb7KOfytMMyBr6Erg6q90MB5cDnNcaryy-7Cfga8229FM-aYzGhq20bCzVOxhHjDWvMfDrPXqqK3kmzaviMmTfIBkqUIFUj0ptyTuqtViGOqQ2HM/s2048/EliotsCornelian-OngLM2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT0lueJCLx6zrmRvXg2IY8tJVrjw7QfzlQ-zl2HgDf2uyF47QfvT9g0IdsyEgGSAewJuQhp3_Eb43nb7KOfytMMyBr6Erg6q90MB5cDnNcaryy-7Cfga8229FM-aYzGhq20bCzVOxhHjDWvMfDrPXqqK3kmzaviMmTfIBkqUIFUj0ptyTuqtViGOqQ2HM/w400-h300/EliotsCornelian-OngLM2.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQx9VeFIIWbLqwZz6G564Bzu7EKIezbGQdQQhmrsyZE_7dok5KZHgYfpj_2onyHgFBj4gw85bTlni8VmCFCRJ7rJ9cljFM1coBqyrxr5uP6WfU5__azl8aVJfcLiQ_Zrk4sp6hdHmJhgfSN6X81skguhn7-6VLvbuStot5Hxaqp0b2K29GwAQOOcgyrl4/s2048/EliotsCornelian-ChanWC.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1866" data-original-width="2048" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQx9VeFIIWbLqwZz6G564Bzu7EKIezbGQdQQhmrsyZE_7dok5KZHgYfpj_2onyHgFBj4gw85bTlni8VmCFCRJ7rJ9cljFM1coBqyrxr5uP6WfU5__azl8aVJfcLiQ_Zrk4sp6hdHmJhgfSN6X81skguhn7-6VLvbuStot5Hxaqp0b2K29GwAQOOcgyrl4/w400-h365/EliotsCornelian-ChanWC.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cancer (♋︎) (Greek: Καρκίνος, romanized: Karkínos, Latin for "crab") is the fourth astrological sign in the zodiac, originating from the constellation of Cancer. Water is the element associated with Cancer, and, alongside Scorpio and Pisces, it forms the water trigon. The water trigon is one of four elemental trigons in the zodiac, with the other three being fire, earth, and air.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMFk6Vo7YxeokU1Tv9al-Urpd63ohHh2mh9pTtluv_q5Z9FSSwubYkBzMqsc8TxVIH6urUp8gP5nGi_WYR525V4w5bBoUY8c-fTp0HR-FR-wTqgdgYa3UliUtMOdYQeryKmT0qKUN-QULutSna-yDnLJQAvsyx2flk2ilYJoyYikaV8xMo3e82FbNLK80/s3000/bcd850-EliotsCornelianx2A.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="3000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMFk6Vo7YxeokU1Tv9al-Urpd63ohHh2mh9pTtluv_q5Z9FSSwubYkBzMqsc8TxVIH6urUp8gP5nGi_WYR525V4w5bBoUY8c-fTp0HR-FR-wTqgdgYa3UliUtMOdYQeryKmT0qKUN-QULutSna-yDnLJQAvsyx2flk2ilYJoyYikaV8xMo3e82FbNLK80/w400-h266/bcd850-EliotsCornelianx2A.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwh25FpdoVnBHhjszQBFloGCdlEuQDANeufjFgF7qzEJ-ssKTpKkNjXnCzx0goes2LvsYMahvaF7qGuVTpaLgyihsIZehKuy6Mboz0iCmIq5XjRz0B1zMR74CkezGCo69pZbVh98h4yEPGwIUTu2hzkkqkgf9x-XtW-Zq7Wxi8ex4-kbBr3811wyVajdQ/s2000/EliotsCornelian-LohMY.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwh25FpdoVnBHhjszQBFloGCdlEuQDANeufjFgF7qzEJ-ssKTpKkNjXnCzx0goes2LvsYMahvaF7qGuVTpaLgyihsIZehKuy6Mboz0iCmIq5XjRz0B1zMR74CkezGCo69pZbVh98h4yEPGwIUTu2hzkkqkgf9x-XtW-Zq7Wxi8ex4-kbBr3811wyVajdQ/w400-h266/EliotsCornelian-LohMY.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Two mating pairs of Eliot's Cornelian encountered at Lornie Park Connector </b></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>recently.</b></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Positive Cancerian traits include being helpful, patient, compassionate, nurturing, romantic and creative. They tend to be extremely caring generous, putting the needs of others before their own. They are generally very patriotic, waving the flag whenever possible. Cancerians thrive in roles where there is a lot of communication and where they can constantly engage with colleagues. However, if embarrassed, they can also withdraw into their crab shell and lose steam very quickly.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoM-n-qZc0cJlCfVr3R4ZTFylNnqKvGIh7UU4zzEJwcCx4VH_n0vXZ0lOI2nraNqjuXxsxuO1j-6lW00wvyYwO1EnLui-FpWGb-4i92BMuK0T4SxP8QQk3jyqgbozLKFExP4dq1pXSh9cSUksHdj6zbpb2GS1PImShv_JqxjcT-jeaL8GQ67-gkMifhH0/s2000/EliotsCornelian-AshFoo.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoM-n-qZc0cJlCfVr3R4ZTFylNnqKvGIh7UU4zzEJwcCx4VH_n0vXZ0lOI2nraNqjuXxsxuO1j-6lW00wvyYwO1EnLui-FpWGb-4i92BMuK0T4SxP8QQk3jyqgbozLKFExP4dq1pXSh9cSUksHdj6zbpb2GS1PImShv_JqxjcT-jeaL8GQ67-gkMifhH0/w400-h266/EliotsCornelian-AshFoo.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Dq5AEojFR2fLMpnMTm6_6yYBTEZRaHHsly0LlU-HUVU4AEAZlhcCqM_SeBe6DDNw79p-HUqYwfVavfVD7YUHMEi-YS5r2FazMS2Q79Wt91tU0_dAS8CrJ7jR8GHUs0WHWZvIZy8xCNLKeQAxfDDsXGhuXotKs2Fm0jwIcr8ABOPpRcMxNCZ-aTojQE0/s2000/EliotsCornelian-KSKa.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Dq5AEojFR2fLMpnMTm6_6yYBTEZRaHHsly0LlU-HUVU4AEAZlhcCqM_SeBe6DDNw79p-HUqYwfVavfVD7YUHMEi-YS5r2FazMS2Q79Wt91tU0_dAS8CrJ7jR8GHUs0WHWZvIZy8xCNLKeQAxfDDsXGhuXotKs2Fm0jwIcr8ABOPpRcMxNCZ-aTojQE0/w400-h266/EliotsCornelian-KSKa.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUaLE_f8Kl-jAqXw1JADv01iMFPWiwUe2anS8kPPMoD3xuXQqyxK0sOBBnobxuwaTHlvcQECx2n4Ml_rx1BofyROVnYSAiUPlelM6uugzeZsBTqo6uKGwzsNo6NGhBX_jZmOYyxpqdNMhAQlCMoQOdHrPln0WQdDEve_p5T-EqZ1jUivCzvkst79uSUnI/s1000/EliotsCornelian-JessLoh.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUaLE_f8Kl-jAqXw1JADv01iMFPWiwUe2anS8kPPMoD3xuXQqyxK0sOBBnobxuwaTHlvcQECx2n4Ml_rx1BofyROVnYSAiUPlelM6uugzeZsBTqo6uKGwzsNo6NGhBX_jZmOYyxpqdNMhAQlCMoQOdHrPln0WQdDEve_p5T-EqZ1jUivCzvkst79uSUnI/w400-h266/EliotsCornelian-JessLoh.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>An Eliot's Cornelian perched on the flowers of the Red Tree Bush (<i>Leea rubra</i>)</b></span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Difficult traits of the Cancer sign include being a busybody and gossipy, form cliques and shuts out people they dislike, or become isolated and uncommunicative when they are shamed. They can also be hypersensitive, overly competitive and bossy in environments where they want to control and dominate over.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-gPdhEe192rDd4W20k60qsE16IWiN7AuzkfdUJVK5KGZirZElAsNSJFvDUlIKcm8GC_w9Y2XeWu9ysYoiSY4k5nxU5ywOLjQkh7dfdp-bwMxKcy71I25psxv-sb8bzDAGvfOHvvWqa2_bOQVQKpyg1HJd5x6w-LEGwNGEUUjpBrhJAU19LwcJX2l6ugc/s3000/bcd850-EliotsCornelianx2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="3000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-gPdhEe192rDd4W20k60qsE16IWiN7AuzkfdUJVK5KGZirZElAsNSJFvDUlIKcm8GC_w9Y2XeWu9ysYoiSY4k5nxU5ywOLjQkh7dfdp-bwMxKcy71I25psxv-sb8bzDAGvfOHvvWqa2_bOQVQKpyg1HJd5x6w-LEGwNGEUUjpBrhJAU19LwcJX2l6ugc/w400-h266/bcd850-EliotsCornelianx2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Butterfly of the Month for July 2023 is the rare <b><span style="color: red;">Eliot's Cornelian</span></b> (<i>Deudorix elioti</i>). However, it is widely distributed in Singapore and has been seen in various locations and even in urban parks and gardens. It is more frequently seen along the forest edges of our nature reserves. In the past two years, it has been observed more frequently and even common for a short period of time. On a particular day at the Lornie Park Connector, three mating pairs of The Eliot's Cornelian were seen in the same vicinity!</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgt6H6J-0x4tGEty8sqDJgMCdpTVxUOF6NxYnXPG9zWwQKrE5NT8IgKzl7du4ZPieCV0Vz4J8W8y1psq8hTIJ9Gt_6uXG3PSGZbXfXCbWgRkMQAOpy-jWolEmdbMvRla-mNuds4g4MtdH3vahxef4urVnZmCWZe1O8akR5sDjoL4ydk8MBEb6W5RoE3v0/s2048/EliotsCornelian-TayJX.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1537" data-original-width="2048" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgt6H6J-0x4tGEty8sqDJgMCdpTVxUOF6NxYnXPG9zWwQKrE5NT8IgKzl7du4ZPieCV0Vz4J8W8y1psq8hTIJ9Gt_6uXG3PSGZbXfXCbWgRkMQAOpy-jWolEmdbMvRla-mNuds4g4MtdH3vahxef4urVnZmCWZe1O8akR5sDjoL4ydk8MBEb6W5RoE3v0/w400-h300/EliotsCornelian-TayJX.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A male Eliot's Cornelian sunbathes and shows its coppery-red uppersides</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is a rapid flyer and can fly at tremendous speeds amongst the shrubbery. The male of the Eliot's Cornelian is quite similar to the Cornelian (<i>Deudorix epijarbas cinnabarus</i>) but the red is duller and there is an obscure series of post-discal spots on the hindwing. The female is distinctive in having faint brown markings in the tornal half of the hindwing.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvACvGicDjewLkqBID8whfM6cHndmuvHDmq9Mt6ujikQobk-lHzLJrPFGjkl9T24sNLet2TqoWLk2ePqXbkDGd1bs-2ZSo0UXboBukgqVN4UoJEBwujxbxdh1Z9IOrxhQ0eVldrB_ImZi6DZyWW6zNBMchCfwgO7SwAc__ANHL6z3cGyv5O6HzYuegMcs/s960/EliotsCornelian-MichaelSoh.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="960" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvACvGicDjewLkqBID8whfM6cHndmuvHDmq9Mt6ujikQobk-lHzLJrPFGjkl9T24sNLet2TqoWLk2ePqXbkDGd1bs-2ZSo0UXboBukgqVN4UoJEBwujxbxdh1Z9IOrxhQ0eVldrB_ImZi6DZyWW6zNBMchCfwgO7SwAc__ANHL6z3cGyv5O6HzYuegMcs/w400-h296/EliotsCornelian-MichaelSoh.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxY1KKsq9f45oPuen6BJ2AcYMf0h-0T6ZMs3pBAG67n3N09mW-OS_0Njw_HCGubpUISBX4IPoVtU0SItQLjo3O-T1OVJzaTl0tM_2anH2Km1laDPXQ1NMMaNl8aTdVMnBOVxBnUxo_ISlS6km6DPxDzNiEyt2-g5ObYA9wL5JgqTGm_kS8nRGRYGtdZSQ/s1200/EliotsCornelian-HoraceT.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxY1KKsq9f45oPuen6BJ2AcYMf0h-0T6ZMs3pBAG67n3N09mW-OS_0Njw_HCGubpUISBX4IPoVtU0SItQLjo3O-T1OVJzaTl0tM_2anH2Km1laDPXQ1NMMaNl8aTdVMnBOVxBnUxo_ISlS6km6DPxDzNiEyt2-g5ObYA9wL5JgqTGm_kS8nRGRYGtdZSQ/w400-h266/EliotsCornelian-HoraceT.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The underside of the species is a light grey, with rounded post-discal spots faintly outlined in white. The tornal area of the hindwing below has bluish-green iridescent scaling and there is a white-tipped tail at vein 2. The abdomen is black-and-white banded on the underside. The eyes are jet black and the antennae bears a bright orange tip at the club.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgHHPUhEBTZwVM8T68sPRt43MLe4ZO7CSaEmsygKMuzNk-VBrAn2C6J6umouxB0Lej_jo96_JTEi6hkg6ILOYkYgGrB3S6I2xlqYK_iMDVXh7c7hNfpPpL8k9Ze3WuDbeEQe0NPl7cwkP0vCQL8Ymi0TnYSjGwxuzrXLbp1RC4gtxrJR5j48-4koZ_1P0/s2000/EliotsCornelian-LohMY2.JPG"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgHHPUhEBTZwVM8T68sPRt43MLe4ZO7CSaEmsygKMuzNk-VBrAn2C6J6umouxB0Lej_jo96_JTEi6hkg6ILOYkYgGrB3S6I2xlqYK_iMDVXh7c7hNfpPpL8k9Ze3WuDbeEQe0NPl7cwkP0vCQL8Ymi0TnYSjGwxuzrXLbp1RC4gtxrJR5j48-4koZ_1P0/w400-h266/EliotsCornelian-LohMY2.JPG" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The early stages of the Eliot's Cornelian is currently unknown and if the caterpillars are like the Cornelian, they are likely to be also feeding on the fruits of various plants like the pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i>) and on the seeds of <i>Aesculus indica</i> and other species of Sapindaceae and Connaraceae.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Chan WC, Ash Foo, Khew SK, Michael Khor, Loh MY, Jess Loh, Ong LM, Michael Soh, Horace Tan and Tay JX</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-20791309735433816502023-07-22T18:00:00.001+08:002023-07-22T18:00:00.149+08:00Life History of the Chocolate Albatross<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the <span style="color: red;">Chocolate Albatross</span> (<i>Appias lyncida vasava</i>)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Genus: </span><i>Appias </i>Hübner, 1819<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Species: </span><i>lyncida</i> Cramer, 1777<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Subspecies: </span><i>vasava</i> Fruhstorfer, 1910</span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b>45-55mm</span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Caterpillar Local Host Plants:</b> <i>Crateva religiosa</i> (Capparaceae, common name: Sacred Garlic Pear), <i>Crateva magna</i> (Capparaceae, common name: Large Garlic Pear).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A female Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A male Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7TU5cAWNj5ZGWQVSAY31e8eFudyStSL4BchuDt_6JNhxYP8hYz1kV3dZbyDacCUDvfjMF9_siOZH1Xvwl21Sndz7iAdWjIZ9Ol5WrA1jbH2A4e23nQO99npEdcqS4rNDiJEVzqEVTZCfMBMFQNghJVG2J1u5ya-UXLxplv4hODBI1pR1eGXprksKkW7o/s800/CA_female_01a.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7TU5cAWNj5ZGWQVSAY31e8eFudyStSL4BchuDt_6JNhxYP8hYz1kV3dZbyDacCUDvfjMF9_siOZH1Xvwl21Sndz7iAdWjIZ9Ol5WrA1jbH2A4e23nQO99npEdcqS4rNDiJEVzqEVTZCfMBMFQNghJVG2J1u5ya-UXLxplv4hODBI1pR1eGXprksKkW7o/s400/CA_female_01a.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A female Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Physical Description of Adult Butterfly:</b> </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"> On the <b>upperside</b>, the male is mostly white with a dentate dark brown border on both forewing and hindwing; the female is dark brown with several whitish distal streaks in both the forewing and hindwing. On the <b>underside</b>, the male is lemon-yellow with broad dark brown border in the hindwing and dark brown with white distal streaks and yellow apical spots in the forewing; the female is white yellow-dusted with a broad brown border in the hindwing and brown with white distal streaks in the forewing. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Upperside of a male Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A male Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrrDkenmZEPZ00u2qIxo-rCFA4QDaK2cYWadqclpLH9k-_aNshUXvnRl51t0KgxRP5Hw2-2_rQ0-7y4Pm6z6jN8Kdfa5XLbKKM5kjj9vs7S28GljRs79OTlpJAoF_IOCXge_IbEbN03AafxnmIa9nprALieFWX-P_q5LUqPoyqStufnqW4lQFDZLorOs/s1000/ChocolateAlbatross-KSK3.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrrDkenmZEPZ00u2qIxo-rCFA4QDaK2cYWadqclpLH9k-_aNshUXvnRl51t0KgxRP5Hw2-2_rQ0-7y4Pm6z6jN8Kdfa5XLbKKM5kjj9vs7S28GljRs79OTlpJAoF_IOCXge_IbEbN03AafxnmIa9nprALieFWX-P_q5LUqPoyqStufnqW4lQFDZLorOs/s400/ChocolateAlbatross-KSK3.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Upperside of a female Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A female Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour: </b> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"> The Chocolate Albatross is considered a seasonal migrant in Singapore. The adult butterflies are usually sighted more frequently during certain times of the year flying in both nature reserves and urban parks across Singapore. Typically in each sighting only one single individual is observed. It is believed that they fly from southern Malaysia where they occur in abundance during the April to June period. The scarcity of their host plants (in Capparaceae) in Singapore likely contribute to the absence of a sustainable adult population. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A puddling male Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A group of puddling male Chocolate Albatross sighted in Malaysia.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A puddling male Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A female Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Early Stages: </b> </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"> Early stages of the Chocolate Albatross undergo rapid growth in all five instars. The entire life cycle, from oviposition to the eclosion of the adult lasts only 15-16 days. </span></div>
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<iframe class="BLOG_video_class" allowfullscreen="" youtube-src-id="2R1isjre38c" width="420" height="236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2R1isjre38c"></iframe>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A video clip depicting the life cycle of the Chocolate Albatross.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">The recorded local host plants for the Chocolate Albatross are <i>Crateva religiosa</i> and <i>Crateva magna</i>. Caterpillars of the Chocolate Albatross feed on young leaves of both host plants, and they have the habit of feeding together on the same leaf in all five instars of the larval stage. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Local host plant: <i>Crateva religiosa</i>, showing flowers and mature leaves.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Young leaves of <i>Crateva religiosa</i> .</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A male Chocolate Albatross (left) doing a courtship flight near a female (right).</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A tattered female Chocolate Albatross attempting to oviposit on a leaf surface.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">The eggs of the Chocolate Albatross are laid in a small cluster on a leaf of the host plant. The egg is spindle-shaped and standing on one end with a height of about 1mm, about 2.5 times as tall as it is wide. It has vertical ridges and numerous transverse striations. The vertical ridges end in short projections encircling the micropylar. The color of the egg is initially white but changes to orange overnight.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A close-up view of a group of eggs of the Chocolate Albatross.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Maturing eggs of the Chocolate Albatross. Note the color change.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"> The egg takes about 2 days to hatch. The newly hatched has a length of about 1.3mm and a yellowish beige head capsule. Its cylindrically-shaped body is in a similar shade of yellow beige and featuring sub-dorsal, dorso-lateral and lateral rows of small tubercles running lengthwise. Each tubercle has a moderately long setae emerging from the middle of it. The end of each setae bears a tiny droplet. The translucent body also features some reddish patches. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A group of three newly hatched caterpillars of the Chocolate Albatross.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">After emergence, the newly hatched only eats a small portion of the egg shell for its first meal, and soon moves on to eat the leaf lamina in the vicinity. Its body takes on a green undertone with the intake of leaf diet. In about 1.5 days, the caterpillar grows to a length of about 3.3mm before the moult to the 2nd instar.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, length: 2.1mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A group of four 1st instar caterpillars of the Chocolate Albatross. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 1st instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 3mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"> The 2nd instar caterpillar is yellowish green in body color with similar droplet-bearing setae as in the 1st instar. In addition, there are numerous small, black, conical tubercles dotting the body surface. Each of tubercles has a short setae emerging from it. The head is pale yellowish green in color. This instar lasts about 1.5 days with the body length reaching about 6.2mm.</span> </div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a newly moulted 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 3mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 5mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A group of three 2nd instar caterpillars, in both early and late stage of the instar. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 2nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 6.1mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">The 3rd instar caterpillar resembles the 2nd instar caterpillar closely except for the appearance of a whitish sub-spiracular band. The body surface has numerous tiny setae, and in some specimens, the base of these setae are darker green than the body base colour of yellowish green, giving the caterpillar a dotted appearance. This instar takes about 1 to 1.5 days to complete with body length reaching about 10mm.</span> </div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of an early 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 6mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 9mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two 3rd instar caterpillars of the Chocolate Albatross. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 3rd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 10mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">Again, the 4th instar retains all the features as the 3rd instar. Both the whitish sub-spiracular band and the dotted appearance of the body surface are now more prominent. This penultimate instar lasts about 1.5 days with body length reaching up to 16.5mm. </span> </div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a newly moulted 4th instar caterpillar of the Chocolate Albatross, length: 10mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 15.8mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A group of two 4th instar caterpillars and one 3rd instar caterpillar of the Chocolate Albatross. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 4th instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 15.5mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"> The 5th and final instar caterpillar mostly resembles the 4th instar caterpillar. The tiny black tubercles regularly dotting the yellowish green body surface gives it a distinctive speckled appearance. In addition, the head capsule also takes on a black-dotted appearance. Towards the end of the instar, a thin yellowish dorsal band appears on the body. When disturbed, the caterpillar usually reacts by standing tall on its prolegs and arching its anterior segments. This final instar lasts for 2-2.5 days, and the body length reaches up to 34mm.</span> </div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a newly moulted 5th instar caterpillar, with exuvia and "old" head capsule in the vicinity.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of an early 5th instar caterpillar, length: 21.8mm. Note the black speckled appearance on the body and head.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, length: 33mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillars taking up its on-guard stance.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">On the last day of the 5th instar, the caterpillar ceases feeding and its body gradually shortens. It wanders around and comes to rest on the surface of a leaf, usually on the underside. Here the caterpillar spins a silk pad and a silk girdle to secure itself and then becomes immobile in a head-up pre-pupatory pose.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">An early pre-pupatory larva of the Chocolate Albatross.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A late pre-pupatory larva of the Chocolate Albatross.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">Pupation takes place about 0.75 day later. The greenish, lightly black-speckled pupa secures itself with the silk girdle spun in the pre-pupal stage, but with cremaster replacing claspers in attaching the posterior end to the silk pad on the leaf surface. It sports a yellowish, thoracic dorsal ridge which is sharply raised at thoracic segment 2. This ridge ends in a pointed yellow cephalic horn at the anterior. This horn has a narrow dorsal black ridge. The abdominal segments 2-4 are produced laterally into a pointed tooth at each side of the abdominal segment 2. Two lateral yellowish ridge lines run lengthwise along the entire length of the abdomen. In addition, two small translucent arm-like appendages adorn the side of the prothorax. Length of pupae: 23-24mm.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a pupa of the Chocolate Albatross.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A close-up view of the anterior of a pupa of the Chocolate Albatross, showing the cephalic horn and arm-like appendages.</span> <br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">After about 4.75 to 5 days of development, the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end. The markings on the forewing upperside become discernible and indicative of the gender of the soon-to-emerge adult. The following day, the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Three progressive views of the maturing pupa of a male Chocolate Albatross.<br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Three progressive views of the maturing pupa of a female Chocolate Albatross.<br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A newly eclosed male Chocolate Albatross resting near its pupal case. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A newly eclosed female Chocolate Albatross resting near its pupal case. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>References:</b>
</span> <br />
<ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">[C&P5]</span><b>
The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M.
Pendlebury, G. and N. van der Poorten (Eds.), 5th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 2020.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd Edition, 2012.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore, Khew S.K., Ink On Paper Communications, 2nd Edition, 2015. </b></span></li>
</span>
</ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Benjamin Yam, Ben Jin Tan, Chng CK, Khew SK and Horace Tan</b></span><br />
Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-87274886223486067202023-07-08T18:00:00.008+08:002023-07-11T22:45:28.789+08:00Life History of the Common Sergeant<span id="goog_177571084"></span><span id="goog_177571085"></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the <span style="color: red;">Common Sergeant</span> (<i>Athyma perius perius</i>) </span> <br />
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<!--Biodata section-->
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u></b> <br />
<b>Genus: </b><i>Athyma</i> Westwood, 1850<br />
<b>Species: </b> <i>perius</i> Linnaeus, 1758 <br />
<b>Subspecies: </b> <i>perius</i> Linnaeus, 1758 <br />
<b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b> 45-55mm<br />
<b>Caterpillar Local Host Plant: </b> <i>Glochidion obscurum</i> (Phyllanthaceae).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">Physical Description of Adult Butterfly: </span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">Forewing cell is wholly open. On the black-and-white <b>forewing upperside</b>, the white cell streak is divided into four portions, with the distal portion being arrowhead-shaped. There are widely separated white post-discal spots in spaces 1b, 2 to 6. The cell streaks of the left and right forewings are connected via a dorsal band on the thorax. On the <b>hindwing upperside</b>, white sub-discal band and post-discal band run from the costa to the dorsum. Small black spots are embedded at the basal end of the post-discal spots. On the <b>underside</b>, the spots and streaks are arranged as on the upperside but with the ground colour rich ochreous. As in the upperside, the white post-discal band on the hindwing has a series of small black spots. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour: </span> <br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">The Common Sergeant was re-discovered in Singapore in 2022 at the northern edge of the central catchment reserve. Since then the fast-flying adults have been sighted at forest fringes, and along forest trails where the host plant is growing. Adults have been observed to visit flowers and ripened fruits for sugary contents. The male has also been sighted puddling on forest trails. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">Early Stages: </span> <br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">Thus far only one plant, <i>Glochidion obscurum</i>, has been locally recorded as the larval host for the Common Sergeant in Singapore. It is likely that other local <i>Glochidion</i> spp. can act as larval host plants.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Local host plant: <i> Glochidion obscurum</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">
The caterpillars of the Common Sergeant adopt the same feeding and frass management routines as described for other <i>Athyma</i> species in earlier blog articles. The caterpillars feed on mature leaves of the host plant in all five instars of its larval stage. On each leaf, they feed systematically from the leaf tip towards the petiole, leaving the midrib intact. From the 1st to the 4th instar, they build an extension of the exposed midrib using frass pellets held together by silk. Frass pellets are also sewn together beneath the midrib at the base of the extension. The caterpillars rest on either the frass extension or the exposed midrib just beyond the bundle of frass pellets. In the 5th (and final) instar, the caterpillars abandon these habits, and switches to resting on the leaf upperside and feeding along the leaf margin.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Eggs laid on the leaf underside of multiple leaves on a branch of <i>Glochidion obscurum</i>. How many eggs can you spot in the picture? </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"> The eggs of the Common Sergeant are laid on the underside of a leaf of the host plant. Each dome-shaped egg is yellow in colour, with its surface marked with polygonal ridges which are tipped with fine, translucent spines at intersections of these ridges. Basal diameter is approximately 1.1mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of an egg of the Common Sergeant.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">The egg takes about 3 days to hatch. The young caterpillar nibbles away a portion of the egg shell to exit and then proceeds to devour the rest of the egg shell. It has a cylindrical body in pale, dull brown, and an initial body length of about 2.5mm. The body is covered with fine setae, and rows of dorso-lateral, lateral and sub-spiracular tubercles. Dorso-lateral tubercles occur on the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments, and on the 2nd, 4th, 6th to 8th abdominal segments, are more prominent with darker brown coloration. The head is brown to dark brown in colour. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a fully developed egg of the Common Sergeant.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"> <span id="goog_2083804725"></span>Two views of a newly hatched caterpillar of the Common Sergeant.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"> <span id="goog_2083804725"></span>Two views of a first instar caterpillar of the Common Sergeant, length: 2.5mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">Soon after its emergence, it feeds on the leaf lamina around the midrib, and builds an extension of the exposed midrib using frass pellets sewn together with silk. The first instar lasts about 2 days with the body length increases to about 4.8mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of an early 1st instar caterpillar, resting on the frass extension, length: 3.2mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 1st instar caterpillar, length: 4.8mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 1st instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 4.8mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">In the 2nd instar, the caterpillar has an overall dark brown appearance. The dorso-lateral, lateral and sub-spiracular tubercles are now transformed to short spines with small terminal branches. Pale beige dorsal patches occur on the 3rd and 5th abdominal segments. The dark brown head sports short pale brown tubercles and peripheral spines. The 2nd instar lasts about 2 days with the body length reaches about 7.5mm. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, newly moulted, length: 4.9mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 7.5mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 2nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 7.2mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"> The 3rd instar caterpillar mostly resembles the the second instar caterpillar, but with the body and head spines longer and more prominent. The body and the head are now much darker, and pale brown dorsal patches more distinct. This instar takes about 2 days to complete with body length reaching about 10.5mm. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 3nd instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 8mm. Inset: head.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 3nd instar caterpillar, length: 9mm. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 3nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 10mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"> The 4th instar caterpillar has distinctly longer dorso-lateral branched spines. Peripheral head spines are also longer than those in the previous instar. The 4th instar lasts about 2 days with body length reaching about 16-16.5mm. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 9.5mm. Inset: head.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 16mm. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a late 4th instar caterpillar, length: 16mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">The next moult brings the caterpillar to its 5th and final instar. Now the dorso-lateral spines are elongated and branched distally. Peripheral spines on the head becomes much more pointed. The body colour is initially yellowish brown, but turning green after about a day. At the same time, the dorso-lateral and lateral processes turn reddish (except for the distal branches on the dorso-lateral spines which remain black in color). The base of the dorso-lateral spines is ringed in a bright shade of blue. The head is dark brown to black. Tubercles present on the head are yellowish brown. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a newly moulted 5th instar caterpillar.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, with color change, length: 19mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, length: 23mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar length: 28mm. Inset: head.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"> Front view of a 5th instar caterpillar found in the field.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">Towards the end of the 5th instar, the body ground colour changes to green, then yellow and finally pale beige. The tubercles one the head also turn bluish. The 5th instar lasts about 3.5-4 days, with the body length reaches up to 30mm. On the last day, the caterpillar ceases feeding and seek out a spot on the underside of a leaf (usually on the midrib) or a stem/branch to spin a silk pad. It then anchors itself there via its posterior end, and assumes its upside-down pre-pupatory pose. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, body color starts to change as the instar drawing to an end, length: 29mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, yellow dominating over green in the color-change process, length: 29mm.</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRDJuR3AMfjfgrVUwNXbEH07Ti-lpLqoVz67RPDJ6FjtAw_vMgGVqiY6Ew5IbY9lrerx87BefcN_vNOc9oCj47ckHfAuqNCXJcFyddGWAmhARCPrx7mQREtMt9KPm8kNCyzBmuNUgLel1Kz_wOgLeCdG3DD0NqH1fx6pxkUcl4d-CcVlag5lIKAJoo/s800/AP_pre_pre-pa.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRDJuR3AMfjfgrVUwNXbEH07Ti-lpLqoVz67RPDJ6FjtAw_vMgGVqiY6Ew5IbY9lrerx87BefcN_vNOc9oCj47ckHfAuqNCXJcFyddGWAmhARCPrx7mQREtMt9KPm8kNCyzBmuNUgLel1Kz_wOgLeCdG3DD0NqH1fx6pxkUcl4d-CcVlag5lIKAJoo/s400/AP_pre_pre-pa.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, body color completely decolorized to a pale beige.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Two views of a prep-pupa of the Common Sergeant. Left: early. Right: late. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">After about 0.5 day of the immobile pre-pupatory phase, the transformation process to the pupal phase takes place. The pale brown pupa has cephalic protuberances with their apices extended laterally. There are also dorsal protuberances on the first thoracic segment and the first abdominal segment which are long and keeled, and pointed towards each other. The pupa is initially pale biege brown but turning orange-brown with golden patches a few hours later. Length of pupae: 23-25mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Video: A Common Sergeant caterpillar's journey from the final instar to the pupal stage. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Three views of a pupa of the Common Sergeant.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">After about 6 to 7 days of development, the pupa becomes darkened in color, and the spots/streaks on the forewings are visible through the pupal skin in the wing pads. The next day the eclosion event takes place with the adult butterfly emerges to start the next phase of its life cycle.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">Three views of a fully developed pupa of the Common Sergeant.</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbYlrkOJp1zyDsHKntyf9vDyQOXIyRfeQo5SWnqBwFLpQ6-eMdu_THstqroOex0cH7mRQ5vUBzKH8pLEiNRnstAshFA5VMfuVglPIK3aJmDHygxLtEgTexAG7R0mcNvW35eS6CqahOx3svw_paQxXA6SJrPgGJ_hWMu-ch1p1b5idM-05ElZ6Oj4SI/s800/AP_newly_eclosed_01.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbYlrkOJp1zyDsHKntyf9vDyQOXIyRfeQo5SWnqBwFLpQ6-eMdu_THstqroOex0cH7mRQ5vUBzKH8pLEiNRnstAshFA5VMfuVglPIK3aJmDHygxLtEgTexAG7R0mcNvW35eS6CqahOx3svw_paQxXA6SJrPgGJ_hWMu-ch1p1b5idM-05ElZ6Oj4SI/s400/AP_newly_eclosed_01.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">A newly eclosed Common Sergeant.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>References:</b>
</span> <br />
<ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">[C&P5]</span><b>
The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M.
Pendlebury, G. and N. van der Poorten (Eds.), 5th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 2020.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd Edition, 2012.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
</span>
</ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Acknowledgment:</b>
</span> <br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 76%;">
I would like to express my gratitude to Han Peng Lim for sharing sighting information of early stages of the Common Sergeant in the field. </span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Han Peng Lim, Loh Mei Yee, Khew SK and Horace Tan.</span>
</div>
Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-82437345090952261072023-06-29T11:44:00.001+08:002023-06-29T11:44:13.764+08:00Butterfly of the Month - June 2023<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - June 2023</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Darky PlushBlue</span> (<i>Flos anniella anniella</i>)</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKy_e-HDPADmcTmo-mk6QWpI3uduAkY1fYmd-R832Cy4_j3ZZkUJPThV7fu-4rkvmwMadOqIOFdEDkfbEAreDWUScmQ3VC4RsvCz-YYwzYZ6hjyrpSzFUxHw5kOGeBC192E8GOUcSZx6iv-vcuMHu48vAdHti-K3H6Aipnp4u0hblavWJjOFHvxg3RWc/s2000/DarkyPlushBlue-HoraceTa.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKy_e-HDPADmcTmo-mk6QWpI3uduAkY1fYmd-R832Cy4_j3ZZkUJPThV7fu-4rkvmwMadOqIOFdEDkfbEAreDWUScmQ3VC4RsvCz-YYwzYZ6hjyrpSzFUxHw5kOGeBC192E8GOUcSZx6iv-vcuMHu48vAdHti-K3H6Aipnp4u0hblavWJjOFHvxg3RWc/w400-h266/DarkyPlushBlue-HoraceTa.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Half of the year 2023 is almost over, as we wind down towards the last days of June. Did you manage to achieve what you targeted to do? As far as resolutions go, what have you ticked off your to-do list for the year? Not to worry, there are six more months to go! The month of June belongs to the astrological sign Gemini. For those born between 21 May and 21 June, your zodiac sign is <span style="color: red;"><b>Gemini</b></span>. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries and Taurus in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVwPjcS4CtM9bKFTbyy5Cl3UDw-gRWbd27VNe4_XuSYyBuvQIiJcp9WCs8rIlIeDyGibqX2eQ9kmQz_jLc7BzZr_ej5RHdX0TpyTxpnOBuzstdg6j-BCDNxmnyXF_ZWYZm-NbtIn-HKGD24huTodQD6DVFiMdoiiEzsbG7wXU5gFmdpEZFiv84_7KBwy0/s2000/DarkyPlushBlue-KSKa.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVwPjcS4CtM9bKFTbyy5Cl3UDw-gRWbd27VNe4_XuSYyBuvQIiJcp9WCs8rIlIeDyGibqX2eQ9kmQz_jLc7BzZr_ej5RHdX0TpyTxpnOBuzstdg6j-BCDNxmnyXF_ZWYZm-NbtIn-HKGD24huTodQD6DVFiMdoiiEzsbG7wXU5gFmdpEZFiv84_7KBwy0/w400-h266/DarkyPlushBlue-KSKa.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Gemini (♊︎) (/ˈdʒɛmɪnaɪ/ JEM-in-eye, Greek: Δίδυμοι, romanized: Dídymoi, Latin for "twins") is the third astrological sign in the zodiac. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this sign between about 21 May to 21 June. Gemini is represented by the twins, Castor and Pollux, known as the Dioscuri in Greek mythology. Gemini is represented by a set of twins (or in Egyptian astrology by a pair of goats and in Arabian astrology by a pair of peacocks).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqxpcuwoll4If-oMoOhI49Onur6AuJYZ1D0qzG7piuoShOrcnAbYCazLFOa_3aJNSsuXSKCpQAzc-OZPfbtXFNpYxLzYOQMFormcXtjatZcQViHWev4SGdxpYOW_sG8G1_eTdzeBKKazZ3doU9KD63u_nTVzkxcmN4fDAL1SmK-E6j7pvt5JoDsE5C5EE/s700/FAA_adult_Loke_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="700" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqxpcuwoll4If-oMoOhI49Onur6AuJYZ1D0qzG7piuoShOrcnAbYCazLFOa_3aJNSsuXSKCpQAzc-OZPfbtXFNpYxLzYOQMFormcXtjatZcQViHWev4SGdxpYOW_sG8G1_eTdzeBKKazZ3doU9KD63u_nTVzkxcmN4fDAL1SmK-E6j7pvt5JoDsE5C5EE/w400-h266/FAA_adult_Loke_01.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8eTwqUNy4f-tc-CjjMziBKfHEAMdUAd9bFuY7uYCQOT4PgJRQ1mjg5_uxl6tzu5ycIPus5NkxlE9DINahU1_bLPMSrOBNETBP5fnZof2Wvv2BOsYHShc-TSy4Uz2ReV-RwscufCcVZMK6r_7jcXrpkSjeCisdFoju2rlJ8ZIU-24rWrozWlKA39J4qUQ/s800/FAA_adult_BenjaminYam_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8eTwqUNy4f-tc-CjjMziBKfHEAMdUAd9bFuY7uYCQOT4PgJRQ1mjg5_uxl6tzu5ycIPus5NkxlE9DINahU1_bLPMSrOBNETBP5fnZof2Wvv2BOsYHShc-TSy4Uz2ReV-RwscufCcVZMK6r_7jcXrpkSjeCisdFoju2rlJ8ZIU-24rWrozWlKA39J4qUQ/w400-h274/FAA_adult_BenjaminYam_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Those born under this zodiac sign are very versatile and multifaceted. They do not miss the opportunity to comprehend everything and, if possible, even more. Playful and intellectually curious, Gemini is constantly juggling a variety of passions, hobbies, careers, and friend groups. They are the social butterflies of the zodiac. Despite their unfair reputation for being two-faced, once a Gemini is in your life, they're loyal for life — but they aren't afraid to voice their opinion if they feel you're doing something they disagree with or if they perceive you as not being loyal to them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr9ITyE39hCt5rzX-DaDZIplk37v_adu8OSQ1a3dZdx2YN04TL1ssQ0S_TOCp_6YVImNa6Hq11sp45ReCy2ng1LsLYO0lzjV2UPMg-cKMwD9_QtNcIbsBuAqhrjEvWgXUj1Cc11VmI3cQdJFUk6E2N0My97Su8o6lVw39PUOk4Q9s3s_tYJw8aizh9_po/s2000/DarkyPlushBlue-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr9ITyE39hCt5rzX-DaDZIplk37v_adu8OSQ1a3dZdx2YN04TL1ssQ0S_TOCp_6YVImNa6Hq11sp45ReCy2ng1LsLYO0lzjV2UPMg-cKMwD9_QtNcIbsBuAqhrjEvWgXUj1Cc11VmI3cQdJFUk6E2N0My97Su8o6lVw39PUOk4Q9s3s_tYJw8aizh9_po/w400-h266/DarkyPlushBlue-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gemini can sometimes be very inconsistent and can change their attitude, opinions, and affairs several times a day. They often do not "close the loop" as they are engaged in several things at once, and jumping from one thing to another. This perpetual motion machine needs frequent changes in their social circle. He usually knows a lot of people, but they often don’t have a "best friend forever" type of friends. Most often, representatives of this sign become lawyers, journalists, public figures, or choose creative professions – designers, artists, poets, etc. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLPLW-6qKiyoaSP9ROZwaN94RwE0AxTB-lnZV7QgReVR4gWLSKhsWnDSGZKgXJGEa_vswJ1c9JJIlSELBdWDOR6nNB5nkOmVw9ZWWQlg0q2wiMciPfKLW7MTkTgkxRjCU0vxCUjCStvyOquEeH5f5v1hqVEFLd8rGhXqeunseHb9kyM3_4w_0fD55eWwU/s2000/DarkyPlushBlue-KSK3a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLPLW-6qKiyoaSP9ROZwaN94RwE0AxTB-lnZV7QgReVR4gWLSKhsWnDSGZKgXJGEa_vswJ1c9JJIlSELBdWDOR6nNB5nkOmVw9ZWWQlg0q2wiMciPfKLW7MTkTgkxRjCU0vxCUjCStvyOquEeH5f5v1hqVEFLd8rGhXqeunseHb9kyM3_4w_0fD55eWwU/w400-h266/DarkyPlushBlue-KSK3a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our feature butterfly for the month of June 2023 is the <span style="color: red;"><b>Darky Plushblue</b></span> (<i>Flos anniella anniella</i>). This species is often considered the rarest of the four (now five, with the addition of <i>Flos abseus abseus </i>after a recent taxonomic reclassification) <i>Flos </i>species in Singapore. Its preferred habitat is the heavily-shaded forest understorey in Singapore's nature reserves and nature parks. It can sometimes be spotted feeding at flowering trees at the forest edges.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTc_YVwTTOeCg7TCvi9-dcDPL0GYkQVV6Pgj7zxclLVO6wKTLnzL2t7uBf7m7NBb7pVU5rQ-bfdZ6rda3Ia9_MAcPeHr6ZJSNo7O1jnS4xaZHNRp9hDBQnJGvwC16LAD6V6qRi9p0ttKL44AzKFJTr4Yuy5ordb0qCnD86qJkiRI8zo2Xp-ZiB_fk2dQw/s600/FAA_adult_female_sunbathing_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTc_YVwTTOeCg7TCvi9-dcDPL0GYkQVV6Pgj7zxclLVO6wKTLnzL2t7uBf7m7NBb7pVU5rQ-bfdZ6rda3Ia9_MAcPeHr6ZJSNo7O1jnS4xaZHNRp9hDBQnJGvwC16LAD6V6qRi9p0ttKL44AzKFJTr4Yuy5ordb0qCnD86qJkiRI8zo2Xp-ZiB_fk2dQw/w400-h266/FAA_adult_female_sunbathing_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A female Darky Plushblue opens her wings to sunbathe</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The upperside of the Darky Plushblue is a lustrous violet-blue with a thin black border in the males, but with broad black border in the females. The underside is mostly dark purple blue with cryptic markings and white streaks typical of the other species in this genus. The apical area of the underside of the forewing is whitened.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qh6tZPrYEqBgui0HEAyFnpzKCyi-CW2wOdE8o4_DrVpXpohIGEPc3s7DmopDud5w_Tot5Qn3qpw2Aa6YHrBEX711ODuTEKCghVzwMa8LRUYDzrm7GvKYx7rZ7jZt2sQMuCv8Yb-YO6Tvw6SzlKGiLKD9tb56tMrwNy_giwhtbGOkjlSyrvwlJvMIgEk/s600/FAA_adult_male_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qh6tZPrYEqBgui0HEAyFnpzKCyi-CW2wOdE8o4_DrVpXpohIGEPc3s7DmopDud5w_Tot5Qn3qpw2Aa6YHrBEX711ODuTEKCghVzwMa8LRUYDzrm7GvKYx7rZ7jZt2sQMuCv8Yb-YO6Tvw6SzlKGiLKD9tb56tMrwNy_giwhtbGOkjlSyrvwlJvMIgEk/w400-h266/FAA_adult_male_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A male Darky Plushblue perches on a twig showing a glimpse of its lustrous purple-blue upperside</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik6xjC_aTPuiBNkSzNuHMmDiZuD4HBCN8bdbwy5WYPGKh4D2db8DlxlnvSADlLIFNTf89dhOH1jwKgKME7wCuxKAV1wZu4TMo6VttsJo6caUHYBb04UKXDFuYqYR8aaE3hcx_kKi9GEtR7hRXS45yzTxkMnivadQIzHKQVi5BrGhZlK3i5cseapFF2acw/s700/IMG_4768r1.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="700" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik6xjC_aTPuiBNkSzNuHMmDiZuD4HBCN8bdbwy5WYPGKh4D2db8DlxlnvSADlLIFNTf89dhOH1jwKgKME7wCuxKAV1wZu4TMo6VttsJo6caUHYBb04UKXDFuYqYR8aaE3hcx_kKi9GEtR7hRXS45yzTxkMnivadQIzHKQVi5BrGhZlK3i5cseapFF2acw/w400-h266/IMG_4768r1.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Darky Plushblue is tailless, although the hindwing is slightly toothed at veins 2 and 3. It also lacks the red patch at the base of the underside of the fore- and hindwings unlike some of its relatives in the genus. The tornal spots on the underside of the hindwing are smaller than the other <i>Flos </i>species and the iridescent blue/green scaling is very much reduced.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCR2vyIzVet2SrZv_lAiccoR3aUTFn-jANbW8bH0jlkPVOpfoHt0EscxRYJwAPP8tTc5-2M4M1D5PnhkaSS9h-DNRvGMR9qsNclviJn5FgRl3Rui3ILCIVhIAG_X1IsMNReBMgGunaWnUQi4BsRaAV73_JidiEUxcwfK7Ifa6Apdb0rJO1_IzYeaRvnQQ/s2048/Darky_Plushblue_female_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCR2vyIzVet2SrZv_lAiccoR3aUTFn-jANbW8bH0jlkPVOpfoHt0EscxRYJwAPP8tTc5-2M4M1D5PnhkaSS9h-DNRvGMR9qsNclviJn5FgRl3Rui3ILCIVhIAG_X1IsMNReBMgGunaWnUQi4BsRaAV73_JidiEUxcwfK7Ifa6Apdb0rJO1_IzYeaRvnQQ/w400-h266/Darky_Plushblue_female_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji5eIGg_fXxD3u3QyH61Mod0m1hk-Z8Pic21mG-F6iAxyrHSPBHbPmgCd5puzVD9E0OvFKuGVZPACC-_JEHih-Kn4BYanJB_SCdgRB_4Uv7w1QfbZgDfS-oJ8JyBGskHfTCAY0--2b4NkSolPYc45fxtGDYU6r-6E_QuaQzHdwszDZspSu-bpipN43t4o/s850/DarkyPlushBlue-JonS.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="850" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji5eIGg_fXxD3u3QyH61Mod0m1hk-Z8Pic21mG-F6iAxyrHSPBHbPmgCd5puzVD9E0OvFKuGVZPACC-_JEHih-Kn4BYanJB_SCdgRB_4Uv7w1QfbZgDfS-oJ8JyBGskHfTCAY0--2b4NkSolPYc45fxtGDYU6r-6E_QuaQzHdwszDZspSu-bpipN43t4o/w400-h266/DarkyPlushBlue-JonS.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitqvu3BtRR5ii5g-f_NAoHxO3eH9xUS92bLZWEPvqCnBc77ndENNqUxrTvMPbHtGg4_qGBKDrmbx9_c73R7YGlUHI27XUKp0XLuWcPOmzefl_edTettRp1uCSNwEUT1GPEn9R0vFjrIJqHMah4NTvjb_yq3GhEr8F0EVHN1WY9LoECgKHirBYpYhZUCsE/s500/FAA_adult_Federick.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitqvu3BtRR5ii5g-f_NAoHxO3eH9xUS92bLZWEPvqCnBc77ndENNqUxrTvMPbHtGg4_qGBKDrmbx9_c73R7YGlUHI27XUKp0XLuWcPOmzefl_edTettRp1uCSNwEUT1GPEn9R0vFjrIJqHMah4NTvjb_yq3GhEr8F0EVHN1WY9LoECgKHirBYpYhZUCsE/w400-h266/FAA_adult_Federick.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Darky Plushblue is skittish and a strong flyer. They typically perch with their wings closed in heavily shaded habitats. But in sunny weather the females have been observed to open their wings fully to sunbathe in between ovipositing runs. Individual adults have also been seen visiting flowers and ripened fruits of the Singapore Rhodendron (<i>Melastoma malabathricum</i>).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Text by Khew SK : Photos by Federick Ho, Khew SK, Loke PF, Jonathan Soong, Horace Tan and Benjamin Yam.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-12950059724412290412023-06-10T18:00:00.018+08:002023-06-10T20:39:41.306+08:00Life History of the Cowan's Flash<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the Cowan's Flash (<i>Rapala cowani</i>) </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";">
<b><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u> </b><br />
<b>Genus: </b><i>Rapala</i> Moore, 1881<br />
<b>Species: </b><i>cowani </i>Corbet, 1939 <br />
<b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b>31-33mm<br />
<b>Caterpillar Local Host Plant: </b> <i>Xylocarpus granatum</i> (Meliaceae, common names: Mangrove Cannonball Tree, Nyireh Bunga, 木果楝).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A female Cowan's Flash. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdZRymloJKLKMGBKryyI_XXl_nhyKZPa8BwySIskO4upy0DQ28InL0oREi4LREWzovVVwkXTKQ1kW9K5BAlv93VEXM7qFh8wMEXsrXA-9BqU6kzmZvSW1NwB7BjgrPzTCXdKBnYtEfiU8ma3nHeQo2J7UNp2o_dJrW-hux6WtI0heYs62GW_Xp8K0C/s800/Rapala_cowani_male_06_800x.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdZRymloJKLKMGBKryyI_XXl_nhyKZPa8BwySIskO4upy0DQ28InL0oREi4LREWzovVVwkXTKQ1kW9K5BAlv93VEXM7qFh8wMEXsrXA-9BqU6kzmZvSW1NwB7BjgrPzTCXdKBnYtEfiU8ma3nHeQo2J7UNp2o_dJrW-hux6WtI0heYs62GW_Xp8K0C/s400/Rapala_cowani_male_06_800x.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A male Cowan's Flash. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A male Cowan's Flash. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">Physical Description of Adult Butterfly: </span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
On the <b>underside</b>, the markings on both forewing and hindwing are common in most <i>Rapala</i> spp., featuring a cell-end bar, a black post-discal band and indistinct submarginal fascia. The male is pale greyish brown while the female is pale greyish. On the hindwing, an orange-crowned black marginal spot is present in space 2 and on the tornal lobe. Between the two spots, the marginal area in space 1b is covered with pale bluish silvery scales. There is a white-tipped black tail at the end of vein 2.
On the <b>upperside</b>, the male is bright orange-red with very broad dark brown borders on both wings, and the female is yellowish brown with brown border on the forewing. As with other <i>Rapala</i> spp., the male has in its hindwing a prominent oval-shaped brand at the base of space 7, and a secondary brand at the base of vein 6. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr_3Av59La1RHjrR90ywqBY1R6ugVVdBF6ragp8ZeoD8jUHKnR_z3dmT-tJVQwV-ADsEa3G2A3JhV_UYNKPsRGWbcWkVp7KT4ApI9U8GAlULL2WHXt2jVWoC6KHRZnGbsIjlMLt-BVB74VAycx0XtA5G_Sw6B1Z9SU2_ue-egm2Yd7nflWRyVgYJIN/s800/Rapala_cowani_female_02_800x.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr_3Av59La1RHjrR90ywqBY1R6ugVVdBF6ragp8ZeoD8jUHKnR_z3dmT-tJVQwV-ADsEa3G2A3JhV_UYNKPsRGWbcWkVp7KT4ApI9U8GAlULL2WHXt2jVWoC6KHRZnGbsIjlMLt-BVB74VAycx0XtA5G_Sw6B1Z9SU2_ue-egm2Yd7nflWRyVgYJIN/s400/Rapala_cowani_female_02_800x.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A female Cowan's Flash. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-jSrgzOCKRZ-8NqWY11G8c1Vxx4GRbNmoOer5PUd8gNA-HCujjDicDASUZKOFbLnDmMzqe37ykg490b_EM1HMtZcnIlavj8g1tB5IAbyKm-4B6PLXFjIkQ29x28cfBAFAknWYUA3sodxseNuEcyQC5HgXwXU3LU63wQzNww3js6Yy8H_UYGs2rK0J/s2000/Rapala_cowani_LohMY_02.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-jSrgzOCKRZ-8NqWY11G8c1Vxx4GRbNmoOer5PUd8gNA-HCujjDicDASUZKOFbLnDmMzqe37ykg490b_EM1HMtZcnIlavj8g1tB5IAbyKm-4B6PLXFjIkQ29x28cfBAFAknWYUA3sodxseNuEcyQC5HgXwXU3LU63wQzNww3js6Yy8H_UYGs2rK0J/s400/Rapala_cowani_LohMY_02.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Upperside view of a female Cowan's Flash. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A male Cowan's Flash. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">Field Observations: </span> <br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The Cowan's Flash is rare in Singapore. Since its discovery in 1938 at the mouth of Sungei Jurong, no sightings have been reported for several decades in the mainland. Its recent sightings are confined to mangrove areas in Pulau Ubin and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, in the vicinity of its larval host plant. The adults are fast flyers and take rapid flights among foliage at the water edge. </span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvtzYazUnii51omnydvwTNIo2-qPNY2IqaCqE8gpoJkUoZtM7LdIEPM3Gk798YxhH_mBB3y-6gWY8ftltA0lTRTul0Op18-ykoUpTbTKEBKsS5bdFXsll_qC3EWfys0s7GE4v2xEqGKot-KOoNY2w647MEio2XtiSN0EsAa33XKrar9a5EO-toER2i/s1402/RC_SebastianOw.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="935" data-original-width="1402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvtzYazUnii51omnydvwTNIo2-qPNY2IqaCqE8gpoJkUoZtM7LdIEPM3Gk798YxhH_mBB3y-6gWY8ftltA0lTRTul0Op18-ykoUpTbTKEBKsS5bdFXsll_qC3EWfys0s7GE4v2xEqGKot-KOoNY2w647MEio2XtiSN0EsAa33XKrar9a5EO-toER2i/s400/RC_SebastianOw.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A recent sighting of a male Cowan's Flash at the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Another recent sighting of a female Cowan's Flash at the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Another Cowan's Flash sighted recently at the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">Early Stages: </span><br />
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Thus far, only one local larval host plant, namely, <i>Xylocarpus granatum</i>, a mangrove plant, has been confirmed. The caterpillar of the Cowan's Flash has also been found feeding on leaves of another mangrove plant, <i>Allophylus cobbe</i>, but did not survive till the adult stage. Hence further observations are required for the confirmation of this second plant. <br />
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On the host plant, caterpillars of the Cowan's Fash feed on young leaves and young stems. In the 1st to the 4th instar, the caterpillar feeds by grazing the leaf surface. At times in the 4th instar and in the entire 5th intar, the caterpillar switches to feeding along the leaf edge. In their natural habitats, the caterpillars are typically found in the company of a species of small black ants in a symbiotic relationship. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Local host plant: <i>Xylocarpus granatum</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The eggs are laid singly on the surface of a stem of the host plant, usually on or near a node. Each egg is about 0.8mm in diameter, 0.5mm in thickness and green in colour. It is burger-shaped with a depressed micropylar at the pole. The egg surface is covered in a finely reticulated pattern.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A female Cowan's Flash attempting to oviposit on a leaf of the host plant.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two eggs of the Cowan's Flash laid near the node of a stem of the host plant.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two close-up views of an egg of the Cowan's Flash.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">It takes about 3 days for the egg to hatch. The newly hatched is pale yellowish with moderately long dorsal and lateral setae. Its body has a length of about 1.6mm. Reddish brown patches can be seen on the 1st, 6th-8th abdominal segments and on the anal plate. It also has a black prothoracic shield and a black head. After about 2 days of growth in the first instar, and reaching a length of about 2.6mm, the caterpillar moults to the next instar.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a fully developed egg of the Cowan's Flash.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">1st instar caterpillar, newly hatched, length: 1.1mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, length: 2.6mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A 1st instar caterpillar begin tended by an ant.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 1st instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;"> The 2nd instar caterpillar has dark reddish brown patches on the thoracic segments, as well as in the 1st, 6th-8th abdominal segments. There are also two brown spots on the anal plate. From above, the 7th to 10th segments appear to have fused together to form a saucer-like structure. The dorsal nectary organ on the 7th abdominal segment is now discernible. There are short black setae emanating from rows of conical projections occurring dorso-laterally. Numerous pale yellowish short setae occur sub-spiracularly along the body fringe. The 2nd instar caterpillar reaches a length of about 4.2mm, and after about 2 days in this stage, it moults again.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 2nd instar caterpillar.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 3.6mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A 2nd instar caterpillar being tended by ants.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 2nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult.</span> <br />
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The 3rd instar catepillar resembles the 2nd instar caterpillar closely, but with the hair-like setae replaced by paddle-like setae.
These paddle-like setae are brown to black for those occuring dorso-laterally and on the posterior segments, while remaining ones along the body fringe are pale yellowish brown. On the 7th abdominal segment, the dorsal nectary organ is now more readily observed.
The 3rd instar takes about 3 days to complete with the body length reaching about 8.5-9mm before the next moult.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 4mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 8mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A 3rd instar caterpillar feeding on a young leaf while being tended by ants.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 3rd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 8mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The 4th instar caterpillar has a more strking appearance, featuring broad triangular to semi-circular yellowish green or pale yellowish brown dorsal markings on the 2nd to 5th abdominal segement, and brown to dark brown lateral patches on almost all body segments. All body setae, whether occuring dorso-laterally or along body fringe are now much shorter in proportion to the size of the body segments. Tentacular organs on the 8th abdominal segments can now be easily observed being everted from time to time. The 4th instar takes about 3 days to complete with the body length reaching 13.8 to 14mm.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a Cowan's Flash caterpillar, in th midst of moulting to the 4th instar.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 14.5mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A 3rd instar and a 4th instar caterpillar of the Cowan's Flash, with ants in attendance.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 4th instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult.</span> <br />
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The 5th and final instar caterpillar is much larger with increases in both body length and width. It has similar markings as in the previous instar. In this instar, the caterpillar mostly feeding along the leaf edge.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, newly moulted.</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqbE4YIJVHb3f08OX_LX-ixXyTROMxRRj4WvUQu_j4WLYtwz4iR-DOQdrjSerUXpJm92YtAuTsqCTrGsTMEAfq9K-cXt7bajZWm9DWTfbdJr9Wwdi0beO2QEYRVh0Mkp1GPX-73HuoY-aXgrJ6n63DLRJ3dq_cGQJAzA7ueIU5k6BemkZWgSuWiv0U/s800/Rapala_cowani_L5_early_15p5mm_800x.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqbE4YIJVHb3f08OX_LX-ixXyTROMxRRj4WvUQu_j4WLYtwz4iR-DOQdrjSerUXpJm92YtAuTsqCTrGsTMEAfq9K-cXt7bajZWm9DWTfbdJr9Wwdi0beO2QEYRVh0Mkp1GPX-73HuoY-aXgrJ6n63DLRJ3dq_cGQJAzA7ueIU5k6BemkZWgSuWiv0U/s400/Rapala_cowani_L5_early_15p5mm_800x.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">An early 5th instar caterpillar with yellowish green dorsal markings, feeding on the leaf edge, length: 15.5mm.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of an early 5th instar caterpillar with yellowish brown dorsal markings, length: 14.5mm. Note the everted tentacular organs on the 8th abdominal segment.</span> <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixXI3-nstQ1UbaD9E1yLscoUqZB9W0K_JMOLfwCrYmmNQlmXl9Pka0gzWBitSFUy2y8fi7oA6KnlPzfwJKYoL6TB34i_Tc6qh9GN_FEXqew5tk-x5yU4Ue9G5AND3HVNY8enUzV936eBecvmwLY09PTDXfGE0MAQguEHe_iYc8eLcFR-MNMd-6VXeP/s800/Rapala_cowani_L5_800x.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixXI3-nstQ1UbaD9E1yLscoUqZB9W0K_JMOLfwCrYmmNQlmXl9Pka0gzWBitSFUy2y8fi7oA6KnlPzfwJKYoL6TB34i_Tc6qh9GN_FEXqew5tk-x5yU4Ue9G5AND3HVNY8enUzV936eBecvmwLY09PTDXfGE0MAQguEHe_iYc8eLcFR-MNMd-6VXeP/s400/Rapala_cowani_L5_800x.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two view of a late 5th instar caterpillar, length: 21mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">After about 3 to 4 days of feeding and reaching a length of about 22mm, the caterpillar stops food intake and wanders around for a pupation site. During this time, its body gradually shortened and body color darkens. Typically the caterpillar chooses a concealed space in a leaf litter for its pupation site.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 5th instar caterpillar with a darkened appearance. An ant can be seen tending to it. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The pre-pupatory caterpillar prepares for pupation by spinning a silk girdle and a silk pad to which it attaches itself via anal claspers. After about 1 day as a pre-pupa, pupation takes place. The pupa has a shape typical of most lycaenid species with a length of 13.8-14.2mm. It is pale reddish to yellowish brown in base colour, and its surface bears numerous small dark speckles.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pre-pupa of the Cowan's Flash.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a fresh pupa of the Cowan's Flash, moments after the pupation event.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pupa of the Cowan's Flash.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Eight to nine days later, the pupa darkens, first in the wing pad and thorax, then progressively in the abdomen. The presence and absence of the reddish patch in the wing pads gives an early indication of the sex of the soon-to-emerge adult. The next day, the pupal stage comes to an end with the emergence of the adult butterfly.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a mature pupa of the Cowan's Flash.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Video: A <b>female</b> Cowan's Flash emerging from its pupal case. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Video: A <b>male</b> Cowan's Flash emerging from its pupal case. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly eclosed male Cowan's Flash resting on its pupal case.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>References:</b>
</span> <br />
<ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">[C&P5]</span><b>
The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M.
Pendlebury, G. and N. van der Poorten (Eds.), 5th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 2020.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Biodiversity Record: Rediscovery of the butterfly, <i> Rapala cowani</i>, on Singapore Island, Loh J, Low JK & Soh ZS-H, Nature in Singapore, 15: e2022113. DOI: 10.26107/NIS-2022-0113, 2022. </b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
</span>
</ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Acknowledgment:</b>
</span> <br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 76%;">
I would like to express my gratitude to Lim Cheng Ai and Sebastian Ow for sharing sighting information of an ovipositing Cowan's Flash and identification of the larval host plant. </span>
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Text</b> by Horace Tan, <b>Photos</b> by Sebastian Ow, Lim Cheng Ai, Low Jian Kai, Loh Mei Yee, Khew SK and Horace Tan, <b>Videos</b> by Loh Mei Yee and Horace Tan.</span>
</div>
Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-91902478906079805012023-05-31T20:13:00.005+08:002023-05-31T20:20:25.665+08:00Butterfly of the Month - May 2023<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - May 2023</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Ciliate Blue</span> (<i>Anthene emolus goberus</i>)</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOm7T6vSkC_lU1XFl5qJLTs8wWP0HshRDJ8hTfvkxwi7h4JKLrpg6Jre1n69PTvM3Wyawp4igiVKeiugXtQL13OrxF99TjF7ipx-9S_XWr2qFLG12KGr_xCpoKzvVV5I58GqOmTkEHzQh3IUateRUCyeWzkmLUUJ56-UPu_IMmI8f8XUIuoKc5wLEG/s2000/CiliateBlue-KSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOm7T6vSkC_lU1XFl5qJLTs8wWP0HshRDJ8hTfvkxwi7h4JKLrpg6Jre1n69PTvM3Wyawp4igiVKeiugXtQL13OrxF99TjF7ipx-9S_XWr2qFLG12KGr_xCpoKzvVV5I58GqOmTkEHzQh3IUateRUCyeWzkmLUUJ56-UPu_IMmI8f8XUIuoKc5wLEG/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-KSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Ciliate Blue feeding on a damp wooden log</b></span></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Time flies, and the month of May is almost over as we head for June and towards the end of the first half of 2023. The month of May belongs to the astrological sign Taurus. For those born between 20 April and 20 May, your zodiac sign is Taurus. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces and Aries in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNj9z8TAITybLRgrYFqPovHQeXFP9sHbAkFy6I4S6T2UK3mwr5_s1757gJDXfIz7wofyDqywrsOsREKAQ99obDsQCfL1YBoO92zbugGy_0wsXpqI5cJcygCPxdg2pHg-ruGByraEEqA_wICyWv_ECZF2PRcpkLe4GC10bzmyD4bnMgzLAaxDE71co-/s3072/CiliateBlue-GavinC2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="3072" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNj9z8TAITybLRgrYFqPovHQeXFP9sHbAkFy6I4S6T2UK3mwr5_s1757gJDXfIz7wofyDqywrsOsREKAQ99obDsQCfL1YBoO92zbugGy_0wsXpqI5cJcygCPxdg2pHg-ruGByraEEqA_wICyWv_ECZF2PRcpkLe4GC10bzmyD4bnMgzLAaxDE71co-/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-GavinC2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Ciliate Blue feeding on the flower of Prickly Lantana (<i>Lantana camara</i>)</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitfF3xOp21vuljZZ3j4tTc5jVaPSP8pAnYgu1J82IPW8-teoJRKhFxfTyfkCPrIXFkYp-Yt3MHvUEhBE0UI88H6z1qJOzsHsHWtWiYNsHDK_0GAnSX4-e-KYBWXzKWbazHI8AEcAt7bDUGdh6kRrwvGnHXxkxNr7DLbwR6WAImZE9wqfSX1ZTNH49G/s2000/CiliateBlue-MarkWong.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitfF3xOp21vuljZZ3j4tTc5jVaPSP8pAnYgu1J82IPW8-teoJRKhFxfTyfkCPrIXFkYp-Yt3MHvUEhBE0UI88H6z1qJOzsHsHWtWiYNsHDK_0GAnSX4-e-KYBWXzKWbazHI8AEcAt7bDUGdh6kRrwvGnHXxkxNr7DLbwR6WAImZE9wqfSX1ZTNH49G/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-MarkWong.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Taurus (♉︎) (Ancient Greek: Ταῦρος, romanized: Taûros, Latin for "bull") is the second astrological sign in the modern zodiac. The sign of Taurus is associated with several myths and bull worship from several ancient pagan cultures. It was established among the Mesopotamians, who called it "The Great Bull of Heaven,"</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9z8R6CMbhyJ_BSysMDMz2w_Vw9NJq0TOSdGV0nWirxJY9MNCW8he4kSRvArnaeip25ZF2_S-V1GCmCvKF9VdknTXkcoHBy33u-9iOhKVe7N7qpzSPHHFZ6JQOmeInGhKR53xUB6Y1qWyI2LL9DzdEi1vQ83UvJZqNG4kRfBmpCKuhZ1DZYVIsgEjj/s2000/CiliateBlue-KSK8a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9z8R6CMbhyJ_BSysMDMz2w_Vw9NJq0TOSdGV0nWirxJY9MNCW8he4kSRvArnaeip25ZF2_S-V1GCmCvKF9VdknTXkcoHBy33u-9iOhKVe7N7qpzSPHHFZ6JQOmeInGhKR53xUB6Y1qWyI2LL9DzdEi1vQ83UvJZqNG4kRfBmpCKuhZ1DZYVIsgEjj/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-KSK8a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Ciliate Blue feeding on the flower of the Bandicoot Berry (<i>Leea indica</i>)</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtk0D1lyiaqGgIyBVhFTnxDo3htIw3bpnoZ4Dbwsntc6fnowF1c-ffAPu3lHmvcS9_8dJgNkgDUe4ge5RsrrjTznGxf2914JPLlxT_t4IfeSiTQhuy1x3Gp0EpJ7vz4uP2BzbF7DZbzGMv4dMNuhDW9bOCN8QTuwt0LWV8qk4PtnWFaU4Plf3dF4oW/s2000/CiliateBlue-LohMY.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1334" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtk0D1lyiaqGgIyBVhFTnxDo3htIw3bpnoZ4Dbwsntc6fnowF1c-ffAPu3lHmvcS9_8dJgNkgDUe4ge5RsrrjTznGxf2914JPLlxT_t4IfeSiTQhuy1x3Gp0EpJ7vz4uP2BzbF7DZbzGMv4dMNuhDW9bOCN8QTuwt0LWV8qk4PtnWFaU4Plf3dF4oW/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-LohMY.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Taureans are typically calm, patient, and kind. Adopting the characteristics of their zodiac symbol, the bull, they will start seeing red and keep charging on once they focus on an objective. They will be difficult to calm once provoked. They have a persistence and patience to see things through to their logical conclusions. Taureans can tend towards obstinacy in their outlook and their minds will be hard to change once they adopt a position.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy7zHlK7ybI7caf5KmUtB5K6DWaRYMGob3L_nIXZQ0OfHpNuzZJOdto_ndOXGNkjaEiqWD6F0vJU5p3gePa-wzYSo0YmjhQoSGPZeMldHK9v0oxMtSN8cKmHWs3xj7T7yyKvWvSV_BPxUXUdsw52wOkDfU7bgLkNICGtNYpVOpQeUUoW7LRVVOiq0U/s2000/CiliateBlue-KSK7.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy7zHlK7ybI7caf5KmUtB5K6DWaRYMGob3L_nIXZQ0OfHpNuzZJOdto_ndOXGNkjaEiqWD6F0vJU5p3gePa-wzYSo0YmjhQoSGPZeMldHK9v0oxMtSN8cKmHWs3xj7T7yyKvWvSV_BPxUXUdsw52wOkDfU7bgLkNICGtNYpVOpQeUUoW7LRVVOiq0U/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-KSK7.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGVTMiDdT_JrXUgus1BJknB_pPC2jGSXgRa7Ay6XaAyF-OZeqnAYdDWmnefzZFXdOVXvHMwOxRt57GfKLrM_FVByJFmozK-QGHMvBZH1Q_nSs7IuRllCJvZ2577UHH3BXyiynaaG0khfXFiQ2mYLURUiFX4jD8911i3HOGQ_J4WTqZ3tLXaqnolTL4/s2000/CiliateBlue-KSK2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGVTMiDdT_JrXUgus1BJknB_pPC2jGSXgRa7Ay6XaAyF-OZeqnAYdDWmnefzZFXdOVXvHMwOxRt57GfKLrM_FVByJFmozK-QGHMvBZH1Q_nSs7IuRllCJvZ2577UHH3BXyiynaaG0khfXFiQ2mYLURUiFX4jD8911i3HOGQ_J4WTqZ3tLXaqnolTL4/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Habits are a prominent theme for those born under the sign of the Bull, as their routines can help them be productive and organized. But when the habit has outlived its usefulness, they may stick to it long after it is necessary. A negative trait of a Taurean is that of being averse to change, and overly rooted in their ways and mindset. Though not particularly vengeful, Taurus' long memory may mean they seldom forget a slight or mistake, and it may take offenders a long time to earn back the Bull's trust, or to forgive someone who has betrayed them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggkIKRL5OnRzfuDaktKrO_7cfM3kKrit_gO-LHiT6GnEo7L8VzP78nnMIkJtgNRbibjiuNiSZvZV14PSy4Z-uSccSewKkLe4-WMCuS9ottyexUdh7CLa6UVRax06hz92v0fVMnuWR4nI1mdUGxlfBQona1OazqBQu7Kiegq1VCpFT2fsPHR-EhE2ys/s2000/CiliateBlue-KSK.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggkIKRL5OnRzfuDaktKrO_7cfM3kKrit_gO-LHiT6GnEo7L8VzP78nnMIkJtgNRbibjiuNiSZvZV14PSy4Z-uSccSewKkLe4-WMCuS9ottyexUdh7CLa6UVRax06hz92v0fVMnuWR4nI1mdUGxlfBQona1OazqBQu7Kiegq1VCpFT2fsPHR-EhE2ys/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-KSK.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our feature butterfly for the month of May 2023 is the common <span style="color: red;"><b>Ciliate Blue</b></span> (<i>Anthene emolus goberus</i>). A small Lycaenid, this species has a wide distribution across Singapore, and exists in habitats ranging from urban greenery to mangrove areas, nature parks and the forested nature reserves. It is a fast-flying species, sometimes engaging in dogfights with another individual of the same species.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT5K9yIofDulbo6-100HqOxjMYUNNvW9m6gpSqPar3ewAPUlWsxZH4uiMqVP2TfGZ-LvQBR1wi4j3tZvHvWWG2EFEKmAevxKhmpxVCDRs5XL2MvrnkJL4AbzUZtawtsHw_M9yq9nUifWeHkIhHKI8-NnrtaK1QNtyyAWaqqlNzqV6RryfRathzmXyf/s2000/CiliateBlue-MichaelSoh2a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT5K9yIofDulbo6-100HqOxjMYUNNvW9m6gpSqPar3ewAPUlWsxZH4uiMqVP2TfGZ-LvQBR1wi4j3tZvHvWWG2EFEKmAevxKhmpxVCDRs5XL2MvrnkJL4AbzUZtawtsHw_M9yq9nUifWeHkIhHKI8-NnrtaK1QNtyyAWaqqlNzqV6RryfRathzmXyf/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-MichaelSoh2a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirX_oLmBCo4oDHlQMfPfr_GIkLa__KttQ5jHOtR8541olRY22Oic38drVTVHAtx2IlUhYBEzH8e4YcBwo-aTexSq5dEeiMt0w7X2ObRP5WqBT2s-7fa4et66GLjF0Tjd6HB84LYMEcXI3FMtx7SpDt35sJTQ8QiMKhF4IMhIjxLCMU-dIxEDQD32pF/s2000/CiliateBlue-KSK9.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirX_oLmBCo4oDHlQMfPfr_GIkLa__KttQ5jHOtR8541olRY22Oic38drVTVHAtx2IlUhYBEzH8e4YcBwo-aTexSq5dEeiMt0w7X2ObRP5WqBT2s-7fa4et66GLjF0Tjd6HB84LYMEcXI3FMtx7SpDt35sJTQ8QiMKhF4IMhIjxLCMU-dIxEDQD32pF/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-KSK9.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3QI5dlkNhQv-gNVHKWYGCJ9Rc8_h5VO0ggXUK1pijxE-uldCrOKVrEao1oXB4S09ty7rUvmUV97Wig0_oJ-38XCZReyWQiw4jSVAJ47qwYjhDV7YE4N4ISG7TbaGEkTCZocflfIHkplMkzS7RqC3lYK-4NWQjnAyWn48GsP6yJbBVFtJ-Mk4zx388/s640/Cilate_Blue_female_animation_upperside.gif"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="640" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3QI5dlkNhQv-gNVHKWYGCJ9Rc8_h5VO0ggXUK1pijxE-uldCrOKVrEao1oXB4S09ty7rUvmUV97Wig0_oJ-38XCZReyWQiw4jSVAJ47qwYjhDV7YE4N4ISG7TbaGEkTCZocflfIHkplMkzS7RqC3lYK-4NWQjnAyWn48GsP6yJbBVFtJ-Mk4zx388/w400-h260/Cilate_Blue_female_animation_upperside.gif" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPlrSr1y6HbBGdvDkYjzg4v7dN_on9fOx6yGrKWIxWNaavuBoATfIJ_Ngjmuyrlayk4nMs2HlykHG8d_ovlk6hcNMEzGy6B3xvDYJ_MCzPAhhhAwDH3L_YnDmjc_hf9jUM7k35VcUrVIIhAKMTDC4soEJzv8yUI_KwZvpBF_lMQ8HpsE6bnet35Q28/s640/Cilate_Blue_male_animation_upperside.gif"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPlrSr1y6HbBGdvDkYjzg4v7dN_on9fOx6yGrKWIxWNaavuBoATfIJ_Ngjmuyrlayk4nMs2HlykHG8d_ovlk6hcNMEzGy6B3xvDYJ_MCzPAhhhAwDH3L_YnDmjc_hf9jUM7k35VcUrVIIhAKMTDC4soEJzv8yUI_KwZvpBF_lMQ8HpsE6bnet35Q28/w400-h268/Cilate_Blue_male_animation_upperside.gif" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Upperside and Underside of Male and Female Ciliate Blue. Animation by Horace Tan</b></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The upperside of the male Ciliate Blue is a deep purple blue whilst the females are generally dull brown with light blue wing bases. There are dark marginal spots at the tornal area of the hindwing. The underside is a pale greyish brown with a series of white striations on both wings. There is a large orange-crowned black marginal spot on the hindwing. A prominent black spot on the dorsum on the underside of the hindwing is a key characteristic of this species.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoQSWKrSTqW4WfEl2PqzU3Af-gnALhdAIvnLdtxFKiIVPryPTC_l5eJnbndYFyCkz87J4Wm56VtMH7E0LNOE38P4SC2j5tSJZ8_3z4YO_XRsdObksN_0UOwRJEGsce4H2NbemA693POoaZA47KW19vwLXg3AyyNrXgCuqeFTMcXTePZWe9CG4rrHYH/s2000/CiliateBlue-AnnKong.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoQSWKrSTqW4WfEl2PqzU3Af-gnALhdAIvnLdtxFKiIVPryPTC_l5eJnbndYFyCkz87J4Wm56VtMH7E0LNOE38P4SC2j5tSJZ8_3z4YO_XRsdObksN_0UOwRJEGsce4H2NbemA693POoaZA47KW19vwLXg3AyyNrXgCuqeFTMcXTePZWe9CG4rrHYH/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-AnnKong.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are two species from the genus <i>Anthene</i> in Singapore. Both species are characterised by short fine tails which are extensions of the hindwing cilia. The other species, The Pointed Ciliate Blue, is the rarer of the two species found in Singapore, but both may frequent the same localities. The Ciliate Blue has solid jet-black eyes and the antennae are banded.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvwr6eYwFhW_qlSOHKsPOPDNYxQRrAj_STPx28JYU8-KvnL4yL3oiH2z7ETIy1e-rBYmVxAsCU65-OSTXd2MsHjXoff4Ajweyrv6IKB-Cq2kNKIAq8eidutgx5y3XIr7L7uvpKJ2b7F2S-aNNMziCYdM_92oubFX1PxrQ5jWovrKb04EGZ1mH8Sy_H/s2000/CiliateBlue-TanKingHow.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvwr6eYwFhW_qlSOHKsPOPDNYxQRrAj_STPx28JYU8-KvnL4yL3oiH2z7ETIy1e-rBYmVxAsCU65-OSTXd2MsHjXoff4Ajweyrv6IKB-Cq2kNKIAq8eidutgx5y3XIr7L7uvpKJ2b7F2S-aNNMziCYdM_92oubFX1PxrQ5jWovrKb04EGZ1mH8Sy_H/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-TanKingHow.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A Ciliate Blue puddling at a damp sandy path</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Males of the species are sometimes found puddling on damp footpaths. An interesting behaviour of the species is that it is partial to human perspiration, and sometimes stays on a person for long periods of time, and keeps coming back to feed on the perspiration despite being chased away!</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_XTts7J3HuJMxauG5YAs93cLnyrpZkQWh-8K0PpuV2-BJ-LE9Bfj753lpMEuOhviZ7lBNHg_gRWkODiNUChLSs4Gs7xy2D84C9KxeSmZ-Q1-Nz9GOGAArkQ6JN8obxGr_BVDYp_Q0NfinE_RUuOAOL4HcdPFQ6fRMQWp79E5HFpIc-8jrrqEIr7s9/s2000/CiliateBlue-KSK6a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_XTts7J3HuJMxauG5YAs93cLnyrpZkQWh-8K0PpuV2-BJ-LE9Bfj753lpMEuOhviZ7lBNHg_gRWkODiNUChLSs4Gs7xy2D84C9KxeSmZ-Q1-Nz9GOGAArkQ6JN8obxGr_BVDYp_Q0NfinE_RUuOAOL4HcdPFQ6fRMQWp79E5HFpIc-8jrrqEIr7s9/w400-h266/CiliateBlue-KSK6a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Ciliate Blue laying eggs on the stem of its host plant. Note the cluster of green eggs and the Weaver Ant all ready to "farm" the caterpillars</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Ciliate Blue's caterpillars feed on a variety of host plants and can usually be found on <i>Saraca thaipingensis</i> (Yellow Saraca), <i>Saraca indica</i> (Ashoka Tree), <i>Bauhinia sp</i>., <i>Smilax setosa</i> (Sarsaparilla Vine), Senna fistula (Fabaceae, common name: Golden Shower), <i>Senna alata</i> (Seven Golden Candlesticks), <i>Syzygium zeylanicum</i> (Spicate Eugenia). Eggs are usually laid in clusters and the caterpillars are tended by Weaver Ants.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by : Gavin Chan, Khew SK, Ann Kong, Loh MY, Tan King How, Michael Soh, Horace Tan and Mark Wong</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></b></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-82863844523667010622023-05-14T18:00:00.002+08:002023-05-15T10:46:44.985+08:00Life History of the Flash Royal<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the <span style="color: red;">Flash Royal</span> (<i>Tajuria deudorix ingeni</i>)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u> </b><!----><br />
<b>Genus: </b><i>Tajuria</i> Moore, 1881<br />
<b>Species: </b><i>deudorix </i>Hewitson, 1869 <br />
<b>Subspecies:</b><i> ingeni </i>Corbet, 1948<br />
<b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b>28-34mm <br />
<b>Caterpillar Local Host Plants: </b><i>Dendropthoe pentandra</i> (Loranthaceae, common name: Malayan
Mistletoe), <i>Scurrula ferruginea</i> (Loranthaceae, common name: Rusty-leafed Mistletoe).</span><br />
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<div align="justify">
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Physical Description of Adult Butterfly: </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
On the <b> upperside</b>, the male is shining blue with black distal borders on both forewing and hindwing; the female is pale purplish blue with black borders. On the forewing, the black border in the female is narrower, reaching near cell apex. The forewing dorsal area is whitened. On the <b>underside</b>, both sexes are dark yellowish brown with a postdiscal series of dark brown striae on both wings. The post-discal line is closer to the termen than to the cell end. In the hindwing, black tornal spots are present in spaces 1a and 2. Adjacent to these spots, prominent orange patches extend towards the postdiscal line, and upwards into spaces 3 and 4. Each hindwing has a pair of white-tipped black tails at end of veins 1b and 2.
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8dKc5yzKJzS5E3MVt-SSHD93Hm55-HwQj2JsoHaQOv4ErIn93mjXRCxn5-EOECTXKjxbUGCuAtnQDmEPh6HzkOX7aHliZ2tMEOaohixNdwiar8Rjy-uKuDF0YO4vuV04Pkg5A5Lnmz6tXK2FHfvjSUeahiFWSQtEY50AjVF1g4uoJGKS-6bZLV9aA/s2400/bcd850-FlashRoyal6.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8dKc5yzKJzS5E3MVt-SSHD93Hm55-HwQj2JsoHaQOv4ErIn93mjXRCxn5-EOECTXKjxbUGCuAtnQDmEPh6HzkOX7aHliZ2tMEOaohixNdwiar8Rjy-uKuDF0YO4vuV04Pkg5A5Lnmz6tXK2FHfvjSUeahiFWSQtEY50AjVF1g4uoJGKS-6bZLV9aA/s400/bcd850-FlashRoyal6.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Upperside view of a male Flash Royal.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Underside view of a male Flash Royal.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitI-I3tvehFB5cm_imI1IatFT8hxgVv9yE7iGANHe31UgBhn0LPFfkhMp14fhyevclr-uP8oPZ3PiDa5v4lHeH_T6JKGyw05okttppYGg-l8ravy9aMssPCueDFAEHt5NGOQAC3LNEPu_InazHX6YxYaJ2bSXjSaDlvRngf49tBdX6VpZZCm7SiArY/s800/Tajuria_deudorix_female_upperside_800x.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitI-I3tvehFB5cm_imI1IatFT8hxgVv9yE7iGANHe31UgBhn0LPFfkhMp14fhyevclr-uP8oPZ3PiDa5v4lHeH_T6JKGyw05okttppYGg-l8ravy9aMssPCueDFAEHt5NGOQAC3LNEPu_InazHX6YxYaJ2bSXjSaDlvRngf49tBdX6VpZZCm7SiArY/s400/Tajuria_deudorix_female_upperside_800x.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Upperside view of a female Flash Royal.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Underside view of a female Flash Royal.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A rear-end view of a Flash Royal, showing the orange-crowned block spot in the tornal lobes.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Field Observations: </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The Flash Royal was recorded as extant in Singapore by early researchers and its life history was documented during WWII in Singapore by F.C, van Ingen while he was a prisoner of war. Due to its close resemblance to the much commoner Felder's Royal (<i>Tajuria mantra</i>), its sightings in the past few decades in Singapore had largely been overlooked or wrongly identified. A recent review of local photographic records of Felder's Royal by Dr Seow Tek Lin revealed that several of them are actually Flash Royal, thus allowing us to confirm the existence status of this species. It is noteworthy that sightings of the Flash Royal in the past three decades have all been confined to the Southern Ridges. </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> An archived picture of the Flash Royal taken in 2006 but misidentified as Felder's Royal then. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">On the <b>upperside</b>, there are two main differences between the Flash Royal and the Felder's Royal. <b>1.</b> The male Felder's Royal is greenish blue and the female is greyish blue, whereas both sexes of the Flash Royal are purer blue; <b>2.</b> The dorsal area of the forewing is whitened in the Flash Royal, but not whitened in the Felder's Royal. On the <b>underside</b>, the differences are more subtle and mainly occur in the hindwing. <b>1.</b> the parts of the postdiscal line in spaces 2 and 3 are straighter in the Flash Royal, but more curved in lower portion in the Felder's Royal; <b>2.</b> the part of the postdiscal line in space 1b resembling a chevron is more rounded in the Flash Royal, but more pointed in the Felder's Royal. <b>3.</b> The marginal patch in space 1b is bluish green dotted with black in the Felder's Royal, but whitish dotted with black in the Flash Royal. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Comparison of hindwing underside features between females of <i>Tajuria deudorix</i> and <i>Tajuria mantra</i>.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXxruD8EzXPAg0yV1DSnsUaX5PEF3DxLH3hbNg-vSMGy8oI-VMKNmQNxhJe4b4HwWzM7VDHXlZ8vx2YF9YSjKfu5PDueOl9V-7sKlf7UlqivrDm_YVXdrLJhQzeHKUyNL7vfxvmNqavLK6oifkvWaz_TjCS42bbtzdj3OEVwmTBFmK97QcKa3lj9iY/s1300/Comparison_close_up_adult_mantra_deudorix_both_male_1300y.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="974" data-original-width="1300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXxruD8EzXPAg0yV1DSnsUaX5PEF3DxLH3hbNg-vSMGy8oI-VMKNmQNxhJe4b4HwWzM7VDHXlZ8vx2YF9YSjKfu5PDueOl9V-7sKlf7UlqivrDm_YVXdrLJhQzeHKUyNL7vfxvmNqavLK6oifkvWaz_TjCS42bbtzdj3OEVwmTBFmK97QcKa3lj9iY/s400/Comparison_close_up_adult_mantra_deudorix_both_male_1300y.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> Comparison of hindwing underside features between males of <i>Tajuria deudorix</i> and <i>Tajuria mantra</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Early Stages:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"> In Singapore, thus far two larval host plants have been confirmed, namely, the Malayan Mistletoe (<i>Dendropthoe pentandra</i>) and the Rusty-leafed Mistletoe (<i>Scurrula ferruginea</i>). On the larval host plant, the early stages of the Flash Royal feed on the leaves and flower buds. In all but the final instar, the caterpillar has the habit of grazing on the leaf surface, creating long grooves in the process. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Local host plant #1: <i>Dendropthoe pentandra</i> (Malayan
Mistletoe).</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWKmQ2adfSrlhqpDJgvPO5Tjdze9GcU6sEy-aIsCTDJVznHdYUKyNsIxDuYFfb8rEarwPugYRpeMX-Y0pGH-CkPBpTTc8dC8QZbQ6iDvG6HaS55lyZc6J2JHHDogI3FEKJT68dAYwX5Vh9yxdWxF9-J8SCCxPhtxX_jhnIXT7IqPmEopubgRKAY_kB/s1800/Scurrula%20_ferruginea.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWKmQ2adfSrlhqpDJgvPO5Tjdze9GcU6sEy-aIsCTDJVznHdYUKyNsIxDuYFfb8rEarwPugYRpeMX-Y0pGH-CkPBpTTc8dC8QZbQ6iDvG6HaS55lyZc6J2JHHDogI3FEKJT68dAYwX5Vh9yxdWxF9-J8SCCxPhtxX_jhnIXT7IqPmEopubgRKAY_kB/s400/Scurrula%20_ferruginea.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Local host plant #2: <i>Scurrula ferruginea</i> (Rusty-leafed Mistletoe)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Eggs are laid singly on the stem or leaf of the host plant. Each egg is about 1mm in diameter and about 0.5mm in height. It is white with a slight greenish tinge when freshly laid. The bun-shaped egg has a depressed micropylar at the pole and a surface reticulated with polygonal depressions. </span><!----><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A Flash Royal laying an egg on a stem of the Malayan Mistletoe.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of an egg of the Flash Royal.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A sequence of views from left to right, showing the egg shell being eaten away to allow for the emergence of the caterpillar. The rightmost view shows the empty egg shell. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
It takes about 4.5-5 days for the egg to hatch. The young
caterpillar consumes just enough of the egg shell to emerge. The remnant of the egg shell is left alone after the caterpillar emerges from it. The newly hatched is pale pinkish brown with reddish lateral bands and posterior patches, and has a length of about 1.6mm. Long setae (hairs)
run along the length of the body dorsally as well as sub-spiracularly.
Raised dorsal tubercles are transparent. The body also features a diamond-shaped pale brown prothoracic shield and a pale brown anal plate. As it grows in this instar, the body ground colour turns yellowish brown, and a dorsal reddish band gains prominence gradually. The 1st instar lasts about
5 days with the body length increased to about 3.6mm.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly hatched caterpillar next to its empty egg shell.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly hatched caterpillar, length: 1.6mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a L1 caterpillar, length: 3.1mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A 1st instar caterpillar with its grazing trail on the leaf surface.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgntRpbK3SrHN_cF8cCkIlJ7UTQW3KP76IA9C5cLyJzz3xmpKHyQvSJY6wPHuSmMYBPUGxzyVZvnoydWPsAFySsvE4x4C3DTu-I9KeZkcFnQpS6BdGtzupM7TG--FnQMmMXiWVntZlw35_4WJGWx_dUbEaNAE8rhmRv7ZKN5OFPvPjspyTFY6usm94e/s800/TDI_L1_late_3p5mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgntRpbK3SrHN_cF8cCkIlJ7UTQW3KP76IA9C5cLyJzz3xmpKHyQvSJY6wPHuSmMYBPUGxzyVZvnoydWPsAFySsvE4x4C3DTu-I9KeZkcFnQpS6BdGtzupM7TG--FnQMmMXiWVntZlw35_4WJGWx_dUbEaNAE8rhmRv7ZKN5OFPvPjspyTFY6usm94e/s400/TDI_L1_late_3p5mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A late 1st instar caterpillar of the Flash Royal, dormant prior to the moult to the next instar. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">In the 2nd instar caterpillar, long dorsal setae seen in the 1st instar are now absent. The body is pale yellowish brown and adorned with a prominent dorsal red band stretching from the mesothorax to the 7th abdominal segment. The reddish band forks into two from the mesothorax to the prothorax. At the posterior end, the reddish band broadens from the 7th abdominal segment into a reddish patch covering the carapace feature over the fused 8th-10th segments. The prothoracic shield is brown in colour and the dorsal nectary organ on the 7th abdominal segment is now distinguishable. Small and irregular-shaped reddish patches are scattered throughout the body surface. As it feeds and grows in this instar, the body takes on a greenish undertone. The 2nd instar lasts for about 5 days, with the body length reaching up to 6mm. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdc4XP6Y6oMH11P0WUBXAY6obX3TziaeOvgFJW9_-kr08fR9emyXGTkXpDrRlcvI5wk0hhTmuyyqIf5lqx_rJVR90wJo8yHblk7JY7mZhuMEsVmc2JLYv6GTpuKod0dF8qrwAmd5YJCAFIHlz_BnKEABTtbf1Hoo7xrJpK_Ca55yADufVpYY5vVoS/s800/TDI_L2_early.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdc4XP6Y6oMH11P0WUBXAY6obX3TziaeOvgFJW9_-kr08fR9emyXGTkXpDrRlcvI5wk0hhTmuyyqIf5lqx_rJVR90wJo8yHblk7JY7mZhuMEsVmc2JLYv6GTpuKod0dF8qrwAmd5YJCAFIHlz_BnKEABTtbf1Hoo7xrJpK_Ca55yADufVpYY5vVoS/s400/TDI_L2_early.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly moulted 2nd instar caterpillar of the Flash Royal, eating its
old skin (exuvia).</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2jHZ32cPmV-AyPga2cQog8BAz034cPCIoS5E_ZS-dGqX-E5A8nyWfnHfOFs0Wh-bzp3sogkOM7ukBs1HE4SZIfQ8S9pmoEtZEKK7LqLbe9yIuQheqGrlgv7oETQZvjWxNJi_mqA2zJfXJDAdtCamsUAd8uL-7a1WNjerz8WAjYtGXhCbf6Oucsan1/s800/TDI_L2_grazing.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2jHZ32cPmV-AyPga2cQog8BAz034cPCIoS5E_ZS-dGqX-E5A8nyWfnHfOFs0Wh-bzp3sogkOM7ukBs1HE4SZIfQ8S9pmoEtZEKK7LqLbe9yIuQheqGrlgv7oETQZvjWxNJi_mqA2zJfXJDAdtCamsUAd8uL-7a1WNjerz8WAjYtGXhCbf6Oucsan1/s400/TDI_L2_grazing.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar of the Flash Royal, early in this instar, length: 2.5mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOE4qsLyObLrk_hKOL3QSolSDgvJpB6wXJgbZXuXCQFiRwlK6fIUXfcTVbOWDAyhjq8elQYrA-S-JjyZEbjTYiw4eEeJiIK6TnjSeiz7husZn60Oj-HhyoOpSjaxXxUkZhtWnJ1hdJZRziOWO-YaH4yIfKBwgBuIHacSu5BLvvnncQ_lkSDVkZ4NBi/s800/TDI_L2_feeding_flower_buds.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOE4qsLyObLrk_hKOL3QSolSDgvJpB6wXJgbZXuXCQFiRwlK6fIUXfcTVbOWDAyhjq8elQYrA-S-JjyZEbjTYiw4eEeJiIK6TnjSeiz7husZn60Oj-HhyoOpSjaxXxUkZhtWnJ1hdJZRziOWO-YaH4yIfKBwgBuIHacSu5BLvvnncQ_lkSDVkZ4NBi/s400/TDI_L2_feeding_flower_buds.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A 2nd instar caterpillar of the Flash Royal feeding on flower buds of the Malayan Mistletoe.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbiILqdeXtPc5XwnqsTkUt172P-068rIK4uC9Z6PWvuP6vvvIIpC0BOiCrM4CUcrUf6hw6eySkKMLiczbgT7p3vqATFtl_UcoUWXH8g-TRRATASJzfqkNf2ro6cis_UiEM7_WBuZKuM1JzqAMPAxQWk2ksSDWVj_IxPVnVlIKM6koqT8dNa62BjWNW/s800/TDI_L2_4p6mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbiILqdeXtPc5XwnqsTkUt172P-068rIK4uC9Z6PWvuP6vvvIIpC0BOiCrM4CUcrUf6hw6eySkKMLiczbgT7p3vqATFtl_UcoUWXH8g-TRRATASJzfqkNf2ro6cis_UiEM7_WBuZKuM1JzqAMPAxQWk2ksSDWVj_IxPVnVlIKM6koqT8dNa62BjWNW/s400/TDI_L2_4p6mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of 2nd instar caterpillar of the Flash Royal, late in this instar, length:4.6mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzfO4sCTbi6_WNKpA-WVmZZDBNZjgHrdnR61L45a6bCY4N_6kKj2Mxnm2DTGXFGezmQCJwlp-GHZ9a9oJEfFe8DWPbs2cMEbkCJyZJ2LZkntpDOXoIBeFpQ1nkCw5njKL_TxC7CE24ImuRQiXWvD-wfOWzmG6JFnCrWHo2i0Un6-AzqwgQ1Fk1KuO7/s800/TDI_L2_late_7mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzfO4sCTbi6_WNKpA-WVmZZDBNZjgHrdnR61L45a6bCY4N_6kKj2Mxnm2DTGXFGezmQCJwlp-GHZ9a9oJEfFe8DWPbs2cMEbkCJyZJ2LZkntpDOXoIBeFpQ1nkCw5njKL_TxC7CE24ImuRQiXWvD-wfOWzmG6JFnCrWHo2i0Un6-AzqwgQ1Fk1KuO7/s400/TDI_L2_late_7mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Initially, the 3rd instar caterpillar resemble the 2nd instar mostly, but with a greenish body and narrower reddish dorsal band, and up to only six sub-spiracular reddish patches. Some individual will still have some degree of forking of the reddish band on the mesothorax, but the forked arms will gradually disappear as it grows in this instar. On the other hand, a reddish band branches around the prothoracic shield and stretch to the anterior end of the prothorax. The dorsal nectary organ on the 7th abdominal segment and the tentacular organs on the 8th abdominal segment are now easily discernible. The body reaches up to 12-13mm in the 3rd instar. After about 5
days in the 3rd instar, the moult to the 4th instar takes place.
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOCbXa0SXgq_Rcnmk4gpkt94CuU9dprxSVIGIRsQmXHsNeO09T0tjSM5Fvm7FzlPrPKNUBWnjAd795A_LdfwsSH5R7nGGSZJ1ejxah_2hqxGss2U5dB2TSdhvoPOmduRCmDceSkyPn10mkWNQgzKUwdqkC7zWP1mCzym6RhOKAetXbjdJiYGhH1KCy/s800/TDI_L3_early_feeding_on_exuvia.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOCbXa0SXgq_Rcnmk4gpkt94CuU9dprxSVIGIRsQmXHsNeO09T0tjSM5Fvm7FzlPrPKNUBWnjAd795A_LdfwsSH5R7nGGSZJ1ejxah_2hqxGss2U5dB2TSdhvoPOmduRCmDceSkyPn10mkWNQgzKUwdqkC7zWP1mCzym6RhOKAetXbjdJiYGhH1KCy/s400/TDI_L3_early_feeding_on_exuvia.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 3rd instar caterpillar feeding on its exuvia.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_r1n6r2gTg0LidlO3EHeyRaZ1Gc3Lg9IDHeRFzwxiUbmTluI7vWt2NFYdnK1cmDlTuE43sk38G7XoFy7MkQhYJFpua6LskOqwn8GR8higbacCBfaZcPqSMqzqlliWj5t8Z2s_A1DYpCzFoPpJb0vSEv8XzdbEsbb94QNvITQqX1YzTA9OFs_DrYXV/s1800/Tajuria_deudorix_L3_feeding_on_MalayanMistletoe_flowerbuds.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_r1n6r2gTg0LidlO3EHeyRaZ1Gc3Lg9IDHeRFzwxiUbmTluI7vWt2NFYdnK1cmDlTuE43sk38G7XoFy7MkQhYJFpua6LskOqwn8GR8higbacCBfaZcPqSMqzqlliWj5t8Z2s_A1DYpCzFoPpJb0vSEv8XzdbEsbb94QNvITQqX1YzTA9OFs_DrYXV/s400/Tajuria_deudorix_L3_feeding_on_MalayanMistletoe_flowerbuds.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar feeding on flower buds of the Malayan Mistletoe.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDS6FDH8_I0eCR-sf1NuNPd-GoAgwqRZX8m3odBxA-y7kmKnwQ7PmQiFuCvdHd4638yw0uFQzbwQg5AmQ99O2S6swKuP3N_7zy1NhNsv8zZMBPBiEaaX9kC5eujEUhHhWdM9e8tL3rlOZgn_UcCcWgcRL0D0LYo5qW9FKCcNq4y7l4pFgrupAmO6gR/s800/Tajuria_deudorix_L3_feeding_on_RusticLeafedMistletoe_800x.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDS6FDH8_I0eCR-sf1NuNPd-GoAgwqRZX8m3odBxA-y7kmKnwQ7PmQiFuCvdHd4638yw0uFQzbwQg5AmQ99O2S6swKuP3N_7zy1NhNsv8zZMBPBiEaaX9kC5eujEUhHhWdM9e8tL3rlOZgn_UcCcWgcRL0D0LYo5qW9FKCcNq4y7l4pFgrupAmO6gR/s400/Tajuria_deudorix_L3_feeding_on_RusticLeafedMistletoe_800x.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A 3rd instar caterpillar feeding on a leaf of the Rusty-leafed Mistletoe.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh08udjl12VJOK2XiecelW5PgfsTI9HO7oEwoh0FTDpRvsall9TU_423BEK92GU1mh-7oyFh857kjopJG4gtyDOJ9gBkFOMmSiJejyzFQ1pTWC_Ld6KxCKxjD59KNt6Sbn0d-S8JxVhjWKBDA4vp0kXUms4lWUikO8pJMQjS-mGoB3yo_ZcYsG_B38e/s800/TDI_L3_late_12p5mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh08udjl12VJOK2XiecelW5PgfsTI9HO7oEwoh0FTDpRvsall9TU_423BEK92GU1mh-7oyFh857kjopJG4gtyDOJ9gBkFOMmSiJejyzFQ1pTWC_Ld6KxCKxjD59KNt6Sbn0d-S8JxVhjWKBDA4vp0kXUms4lWUikO8pJMQjS-mGoB3yo_ZcYsG_B38e/s400/TDI_L3_late_12p5mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A late 3rd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to the next moult, length: 12.5mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The 4th instar caterpillar resembles the 3rd instar caterpillar closely but with much narrower and discontinuous reddish dorsal band. In general there are still six reddish sub-spiracular patches, but some of these could be missing in some individuals. In this instar, the caterpillar switches to the habit of eating along the leaf edge and rarely grazes on the leaf surface. The 4th (and final) instar lasts about 6-7 days with the body length reaching up to 20-22mm. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF89eNQthj3N5FVNj6tmfxXxoqwex17An-MIvIFe5IHL0qad8tfpWnSm6t7gAIUxxMFt_oc7GZox9IhBVBERr6aczLNsSw2Wzt0BPV08sDOvs-QqmSsUMYLKGM_wEW5E5ExzoKEkINpfRv02gXhDVTtRz5kBLrH9TglzNmBJeaRnF3_WwepQbhwsVv/s800/TDI_L4_early_feeding_on_exuvia.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF89eNQthj3N5FVNj6tmfxXxoqwex17An-MIvIFe5IHL0qad8tfpWnSm6t7gAIUxxMFt_oc7GZox9IhBVBERr6aczLNsSw2Wzt0BPV08sDOvs-QqmSsUMYLKGM_wEW5E5ExzoKEkINpfRv02gXhDVTtRz5kBLrH9TglzNmBJeaRnF3_WwepQbhwsVv/s400/TDI_L4_early_feeding_on_exuvia.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 4th instar caterpillar, eating its exuvia.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgegk7KHJJGb4xwUOnnoulvyTAzRuBeJYNzJsRiJOl_eC-8ZAqFxWbNWg1WFhQINGlu_VUsl2jnqs2SqNmWUBx1zZQ_zwGsG7hRcI0snWsW0NncpwlujbrxHAIEtXP85p6FtpA9kjaWPO8jdJtUoLxNZZvR4WJkZUGECadRbXFi1jFiZHWhq0PifL8o/s800/TDI_L4_17p5mm_feeding_along_leaf_edge.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgegk7KHJJGb4xwUOnnoulvyTAzRuBeJYNzJsRiJOl_eC-8ZAqFxWbNWg1WFhQINGlu_VUsl2jnqs2SqNmWUBx1zZQ_zwGsG7hRcI0snWsW0NncpwlujbrxHAIEtXP85p6FtpA9kjaWPO8jdJtUoLxNZZvR4WJkZUGECadRbXFi1jFiZHWhq0PifL8o/s400/TDI_L4_17p5mm_feeding_along_leaf_edge.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar of the Flash Royal feeding along the leaf edge of the Malayan Mistletoe. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI6wMCJ0wg0YWC4XYuVHBE0GLau72-nJMvzC-0jL8q9Vv3u8HVwHI1DWctlxdg0SgVH23GaFJ59EkgyovUmqWKIm5H7z_4GbV0B7Ffz9aOZNsWpGr3Gl4S3-pYOuXffZ-gX64or1saUtB3kFd6s6kPouNCQ2CdTGcxxlq6oXoYRIIlRy_AeS_IBl7u/s800/TDI_L4_19mm_800x3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI6wMCJ0wg0YWC4XYuVHBE0GLau72-nJMvzC-0jL8q9Vv3u8HVwHI1DWctlxdg0SgVH23GaFJ59EkgyovUmqWKIm5H7z_4GbV0B7Ffz9aOZNsWpGr3Gl4S3-pYOuXffZ-gX64or1saUtB3kFd6s6kPouNCQ2CdTGcxxlq6oXoYRIIlRy_AeS_IBl7u/s400/TDI_L4_19mm_800x3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar on a leaf of the Malayan Mistletoe, length: 19mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">As the 4th instar comes to an end, the anterior segments to the 4th abdominal segment, and the posterior segments starting the 7th abdominal segments gradually turn pale yellowish brown while the portion in between remains greenish. Soon after, the caterpillar ceases its feeding activity and its body gradually shrinks in length. The pre-pupatory caterpillar wanders around for a suitable pupation site. Typically it settles for a spot on the leaf surface of the host plant. At the chosen pupation site, it stays dormant for about 0.5 day or so before spinning a silk pad
to which it attaches itself via claspers at the posterior end. </span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkEtJ4QM05pPWAM38xVPCc-oSMHI9Z13gnMybSiAa1cdO2oTqJdUxUNIBlaZ7koQPxXT-P6yZrb7FfFoo4kbNi2cx5QTY0qtLDBBp_ibmjr3q-HWPrcj6xcVuBFNybIVvOgYUKPkS183lbO--OypbmxTqDPSpfGIDJYI0yz9VYeeOg1-hAsHuUTIck/s800/TDI_L4_ant_attendance.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkEtJ4QM05pPWAM38xVPCc-oSMHI9Z13gnMybSiAa1cdO2oTqJdUxUNIBlaZ7koQPxXT-P6yZrb7FfFoo4kbNi2cx5QTY0qtLDBBp_ibmjr3q-HWPrcj6xcVuBFNybIVvOgYUKPkS183lbO--OypbmxTqDPSpfGIDJYI0yz9VYeeOg1-hAsHuUTIck/s400/TDI_L4_ant_attendance.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 4th instar caterpillar of the Flash Royal, with an ant in attendance at its dorsal nectary organ. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0mc1z8aHSCGS3T0VmFPHpVJuRd42O2IvScLXiolz3JJ02LHBFtmjlSwNWm9oh8Y3TLc21hg0MwT2x_gs5ZVDdet1H9jo0A59vR-bOVoYjard6xjsH7L1yJ416NMmQ-L0xpt8k0kBQPQz9MuLVKAEdoEpH6ZnoHTeV748CAPbVp0uaj4gVKw7ydlMz/s800/TDI_L4_late_on_rusty_leaf.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0mc1z8aHSCGS3T0VmFPHpVJuRd42O2IvScLXiolz3JJ02LHBFtmjlSwNWm9oh8Y3TLc21hg0MwT2x_gs5ZVDdet1H9jo0A59vR-bOVoYjard6xjsH7L1yJ416NMmQ-L0xpt8k0kBQPQz9MuLVKAEdoEpH6ZnoHTeV748CAPbVp0uaj4gVKw7ydlMz/s400/TDI_L4_late_on_rusty_leaf.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 4th instar caterpillar on Rusty-leafed Mistletoe, still feeding.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV4t4TtUBK50SZNYKpJGj1MXhUnRjwlLRw7fkcR-3NW2zzG-vnyPjagwrzDjDt6dP42KE6g06bCrNsFDFmcJvhhoE5o0Joj8tCCP8ee83yZbmqXObQfuNQo2iqWLjihgwu8IW-bYYzu_BikHhwN3rMMhG1tBep9KtdXwox8lpTJjBFDzBBGYdepTas/s800/TDI_L4_late_still_mobile.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV4t4TtUBK50SZNYKpJGj1MXhUnRjwlLRw7fkcR-3NW2zzG-vnyPjagwrzDjDt6dP42KE6g06bCrNsFDFmcJvhhoE5o0Joj8tCCP8ee83yZbmqXObQfuNQo2iqWLjihgwu8IW-bYYzu_BikHhwN3rMMhG1tBep9KtdXwox8lpTJjBFDzBBGYdepTas/s400/TDI_L4_late_still_mobile.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of another late 4th instar caterpillar of the Flash Royal. Feeding has ceased. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFHzpyGoeOKMTIi7ffUQnBlJrIXyrr6_iIELoak9KXY6BNR73v6wjvlKTKmlw7ibb4dOQcheVovgtAsumkVL2GZGzG27jAs6PwSqScwmLQG4S4wm1XTNGCKGdxKGjsW64HnVEbTtdBQXNbVSdzyZoTyK84S1lWO0eEWieqr0RN9O29syWKbE21Q34c/s800/TDI_pre-pupa_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFHzpyGoeOKMTIi7ffUQnBlJrIXyrr6_iIELoak9KXY6BNR73v6wjvlKTKmlw7ibb4dOQcheVovgtAsumkVL2GZGzG27jAs6PwSqScwmLQG4S4wm1XTNGCKGdxKGjsW64HnVEbTtdBQXNbVSdzyZoTyK84S1lWO0eEWieqr0RN9O29syWKbE21Q34c/s400/TDI_pre-pupa_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pre-pupa of the Flash Royal on the upperside of a leaf of the host plant.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">About one day after the pre-pupatory caterpillar secures itself to the pupation site, pupation takes place. The pupa
is held firmly via a broad cremastral attachment to the silk pad. It is 13.8 to 14mm in length, with the typical shape for a lycaenid pupa. It is mostly greenish in the thorax, wing pads and the lower part of the abdomen, reddish brown in the mesothorax and metathorax, and the dorsum of the abdomen in the middle and the posterior segment. Two short and yellowish cephalic horns are also present.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Video: A Flash Royal caterpillar turns into a pupa.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pupa of the Flash Royal, length: 13.8mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Fully developed pupa. Top: male; bottom: female. Here the difference in the bluish patch in the wing pad is evident. </span><br />
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Eight days later, the pupa becomes darkened in color signaling the
imminent emergence of the adult. The next day the adult butterfly
emerges from the mature pupa (pupal period:9 days).
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Video: A female Flash Royal emerges from its pupal case.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly eclosed male Flash Royal resting near to its pupal case.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>References:</b>
</span> <br />
<ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">[C&P5]</span><b>
The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M.
Pendlebury, G. and N. van der Poorten (Eds.), 5th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 2020.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd Edition, 2012.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore, Khew S.K., Ink On Paper Communications, 2nd Edition, 2015.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b><a href="http://www.butterflycircle.com/showthread.php?14609-Tajuria-deudorix-ingeni-Extant-in-Singapore" target="_blank"><i>Tajuria deudorix ingeni</i>. Extant in Singapore?</a>, Seow T.L., ButterflyCircle Forum thread, 29-Jun-2014.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
</span>
</ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Loh Mei Yee, Khew SK and Horace Tan, Videos by Loh Mei Yee and Horace Tan.</span>
Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-4045649847168757982023-04-28T08:37:00.001+08:002023-04-28T09:00:31.356+08:00Butterfly of the Month - April 2023<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - April 2023</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">White Banded Flat</span> (<i>Celaenorrhinus asmara asmara</i>)</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvscEFeaB-QGvmQZ785JiTkRyuBwq0ROWdQk16d9SMxd0WKKmcCYvyOYW23H77SwZB_4ojJUdhEac1QVWte59igXw4FlAWmTlKCYcnqlHjrq2o5u-JaY-Fob_UWdmMT9L3CdDH3CvsmZSAcxmVjmT0dodjB9ODvbIrsA7UxZoHuyTlscyWn20s0zUD/s2000/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK0.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvscEFeaB-QGvmQZ785JiTkRyuBwq0ROWdQk16d9SMxd0WKKmcCYvyOYW23H77SwZB_4ojJUdhEac1QVWte59igXw4FlAWmTlKCYcnqlHjrq2o5u-JaY-Fob_UWdmMT9L3CdDH3CvsmZSAcxmVjmT0dodjB9ODvbIrsA7UxZoHuyTlscyWn20s0zUD/w400-h266/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK0.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A White Banded Flat sunbathing on a leaf of the Fishtail Palm </b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">All too soon, the fourth month of 2023 has come and almost gone. The month of April belongs to the astrological sign Aries. For those born between 21 March and 19 April, your zodiac sign is Aries. We featured Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZnXOeZeTs2JP62Rg6JlnuTV-vnB4wzgONMA_vj34hP1_n1ksZ6UMa6zkZnZxekhgJxj2orLYv5x8A3febMmxBbJluS9b0tAeJEPX3pfs-m5hbCstFHFy-gpEcifhiwd0W2L_3sqryjdRPba_Gju4pR3H8jpnhUHPO_HxdiYR1vhA7M5qa-lQLEzR1/s1000/WhiteBandedFlat-LemonTea.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZnXOeZeTs2JP62Rg6JlnuTV-vnB4wzgONMA_vj34hP1_n1ksZ6UMa6zkZnZxekhgJxj2orLYv5x8A3febMmxBbJluS9b0tAeJEPX3pfs-m5hbCstFHFy-gpEcifhiwd0W2L_3sqryjdRPba_Gju4pR3H8jpnhUHPO_HxdiYR1vhA7M5qa-lQLEzR1/w400-h266/WhiteBandedFlat-LemonTea.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifa7A59MvAWpmujSKZKNOVeM34q1qOnextAmFj4a7Yf80hoU1NwQh7uXbB7UU6XjSL9Rqmq_3hhi8usfx1iWcRXOHtOi2lP4yYf1pYAOqkK_IfxVHWjsXw8DYMUnf4XII6N3pb58QYdGxyN2U-UZNfyxFKyBOyMjN31-2v04W90epy4OPb33pMxL5z/s2000/DSC_7797.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifa7A59MvAWpmujSKZKNOVeM34q1qOnextAmFj4a7Yf80hoU1NwQh7uXbB7UU6XjSL9Rqmq_3hhi8usfx1iWcRXOHtOi2lP4yYf1pYAOqkK_IfxVHWjsXw8DYMUnf4XII6N3pb58QYdGxyN2U-UZNfyxFKyBOyMjN31-2v04W90epy4OPb33pMxL5z/w400-h266/DSC_7797.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Aries (♈︎) (Greek: Κριός, romanized: Kriós, Latin for "ram") is considered the first astrological sign in the twelve signs of the zodiac. Aries has its genesis from the God of War, Ares. He is described as, "murderous, bloodthirsty, troublemaker for mortals; and, strangely, a coward". The Roman name for Ares was Mars, which is the ruling planet of Aries.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyKp8ufXPyZISHXlbQ5g9L71dnHvPnq2fAjgu3gIemVSkoBLX6LmnePoTwgVUSrPE1ImaAjE2gOd0UMBgVgz9ucgwYZLEQavJRkvfO5ySHHyMLVYUdqej6vOeUQoaP0X4nZh7su3MBpbL1wWmAJM176PosYFpk2DXn0oSis8hPmHY1MuNl0hglz7In/s2000/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK1.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyKp8ufXPyZISHXlbQ5g9L71dnHvPnq2fAjgu3gIemVSkoBLX6LmnePoTwgVUSrPE1ImaAjE2gOd0UMBgVgz9ucgwYZLEQavJRkvfO5ySHHyMLVYUdqej6vOeUQoaP0X4nZh7su3MBpbL1wWmAJM176PosYFpk2DXn0oSis8hPmHY1MuNl0hglz7In/w400-h266/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK1.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">People born under the sign of Aries are known to be aggressive leaders, with the characteristics of a street-fighter and often too belligerent for some. They are bold, independent, charismatic, confident, assertive, and powerful. This boss-like zodiac sign is usually in the lead to get things done; they are certainly not procrastinators. Aries people are full of energy and have a fearlessness about them that easily combines with their leadership abilities to make things happen.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNRr1NQb6Q4h26qG55xkp6oF1up3rPbo9q4sh7kNbkwVHc9BTi3o1UJR1hPF6Z7Q6DkTH9IV49m5Qqe2aG2snIYApf9uzErwqtqoHBCmeEfh5QZtPrXTFWCSEsAcpBMB1FZfk7Ug6_OVFJwTWFfbY5VlNEcabyITHiwphEmIzvJhNrcKKPSe06lJ5/s2000/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNRr1NQb6Q4h26qG55xkp6oF1up3rPbo9q4sh7kNbkwVHc9BTi3o1UJR1hPF6Z7Q6DkTH9IV49m5Qqe2aG2snIYApf9uzErwqtqoHBCmeEfh5QZtPrXTFWCSEsAcpBMB1FZfk7Ug6_OVFJwTWFfbY5VlNEcabyITHiwphEmIzvJhNrcKKPSe06lJ5/w400-h266/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Aries are brave in all aspects of life. When it comes to facing the unknown and taking on new challenges, Aries are extremely capable. They take on challenges without wavering and enjoy finding new thrills. However, on the negative side, they can be arrogant and confrontational and an ineffective team player. In a world of collaborations and partnerships, Aries personalities may be rather out of place.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKHY0ZSTPs8V-PGzQNX1VT6OmADFrYmZX9hrBTvyrxoO4mAMcn5KNDVE0XDKf_9e7I4-NxG578WvGxiZS7Uaj_mCJzA0B3crU7U3QKAmCUrqg_N_CNy_TV0e8RqzEFJfT2-Mo30pLdEUxg1sJ8MLC0Sdv1hipTqsj6sMGbzE7xwE8s9u0dShUnRIh/s2000/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKHY0ZSTPs8V-PGzQNX1VT6OmADFrYmZX9hrBTvyrxoO4mAMcn5KNDVE0XDKf_9e7I4-NxG578WvGxiZS7Uaj_mCJzA0B3crU7U3QKAmCUrqg_N_CNy_TV0e8RqzEFJfT2-Mo30pLdEUxg1sJ8MLC0Sdv1hipTqsj6sMGbzE7xwE8s9u0dShUnRIh/w400-h266/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For the month of April 2023, our feature butterfly of the month is the <span style="color: red;"><b>White Banded Flat</b></span> (<i>Celaenorrhinus asmara asmara</i>). A recent re-discovery in early 2011, the White Banded Flat belongs to the genus <i>Celaenorrhinus</i> which comprises about 80 species across Asia, Africa and America. Only 10 species are known to fly in Malaysia and Singapore, and the White Banded Flat is the single representative of the genus in Singapore.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiptcQUfKuV8Ax3mF6SwP-8WA14KagHy4cNEJdt0wk9aruEliGR8KyNVu9H0e5xORCVYmT3HPA10bdWlEeHfggVR5yxfottKzqC_CzEoTlCmjGC18n4ug73wuWXccCDv_Q6qgX6RcTfdeuficbW358vJcrx2dbvUfGTvrIIVDBeAMoerKKPEceH2c9X/s800/bcd3s-whitebandedflat06.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiptcQUfKuV8Ax3mF6SwP-8WA14KagHy4cNEJdt0wk9aruEliGR8KyNVu9H0e5xORCVYmT3HPA10bdWlEeHfggVR5yxfottKzqC_CzEoTlCmjGC18n4ug73wuWXccCDv_Q6qgX6RcTfdeuficbW358vJcrx2dbvUfGTvrIIVDBeAMoerKKPEceH2c9X/w400-h266/bcd3s-whitebandedflat06.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji_iV5rXM2J9oPSBgPmEYciiaOowG9OxdD5LvCj1ULup4MhuQw260496KtCDJXX9FokWEmT8h2Y5Do_B_rXCLyedtbmB8m-iWv4Kr84GqrE0r4VFokmrxT48_BKA4IbwGoGHps5KMuUDiVqXHxlXZn3ZUJccgbRfqVQhDLz8zip11urJ8Q8X6iMDqY/s2000/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK5.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji_iV5rXM2J9oPSBgPmEYciiaOowG9OxdD5LvCj1ULup4MhuQw260496KtCDJXX9FokWEmT8h2Y5Do_B_rXCLyedtbmB8m-iWv4Kr84GqrE0r4VFokmrxT48_BKA4IbwGoGHps5KMuUDiVqXHxlXZn3ZUJccgbRfqVQhDLz8zip11urJ8Q8X6iMDqY/w400-h266/WhiteBandedFlat-KSK5.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Two views of a male White Banded Flat showing the erectile hair tufts on the hind tibia</b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The genus is characterised in that the males have an erectile hair tuft on the hind tibia. The White Banded Flat is thus far known only from a handful of locations on Pulau Ubin. It is considered very rare, but is also very local and regularly observed at its preferred sites on Pulau Ubin. Considering the very limited sites where this species can be found, and based on the IUCN criteria, it has been classified as a Critically Endangered species in the Singapore Red Data Book 3rd Edition.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV6VhAM2WA63IYWh_Rsmxnj19Tt2Yb8zznEKhKa9mJeQCPzh2pSzG1b0avEAPWojklX5BkR22zsGp8ox6yvmfeqJEokSnmh1pk19Se2sxmGmXKLtdGFcNULOxbiUi59SwX1uido3hlIuNGdOV6COzxtE1nNWoHQFpdkezzr2Hms9kPuO1iGdnPvxvJ/s800/WhiteBandedFlatAnthony01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV6VhAM2WA63IYWh_Rsmxnj19Tt2Yb8zznEKhKa9mJeQCPzh2pSzG1b0avEAPWojklX5BkR22zsGp8ox6yvmfeqJEokSnmh1pk19Se2sxmGmXKLtdGFcNULOxbiUi59SwX1uido3hlIuNGdOV6COzxtE1nNWoHQFpdkezzr2Hms9kPuO1iGdnPvxvJ/w400-h266/WhiteBandedFlatAnthony01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A White Banded Flat puddling on a rock</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The White Banded Flat is described as uncommon but widely distributed in the lowlands of Malaysia. On the forewing above the cell spot is not continued above the radius and there is no white spot in cell 1b. The discal fascia is white and does not extend below vein 2. There are some obscure darker brown markings on the hindwings above.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinwZci_wfyQjwmwmLXHLzc4Tj9NzBwZgAoeei8ZGbUyVtd28eflEOVpQBPRDUjKmFKx_TphcXlGWYXmQ2v4v_LnnyaIgwp-lkPO2s-82jM9FleBOsTnp_PxWfg1Vwl-b4S_K4tU6X2zrQrTDEmZWzjzXfX_x_Z22-VMbiaSX3Cv2cNNwfOdDtYaTzt/s750/WhiteBandedFlatChng01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="750" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinwZci_wfyQjwmwmLXHLzc4Tj9NzBwZgAoeei8ZGbUyVtd28eflEOVpQBPRDUjKmFKx_TphcXlGWYXmQ2v4v_LnnyaIgwp-lkPO2s-82jM9FleBOsTnp_PxWfg1Vwl-b4S_K4tU6X2zrQrTDEmZWzjzXfX_x_Z22-VMbiaSX3Cv2cNNwfOdDtYaTzt/w400-h266/WhiteBandedFlatChng01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Typical pose of the Pyrginae or "Flats" - perched on the underside of a leaf with its wings opened flat</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Typical of the genus, the males of the White Banded Flat have erectile hair tuft on the hind tibia which gives the legs a rather hairy and unique appearance. The species is often on the wing in the early hours of the day flying rapidly from perch to perch and stopping to sunbathe in the early morning warmth. As the sun rises and temperatures rise, it reverts to the typical "flat" behaviour - flying and resting on the undersides of foliage with its wings opened flat.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD8K7gTM3GEZbz__aNHt-DCYSbXgHo6Aig7Vg6RZAQYSMBWxC-lw6I_autNMvlBPCOaD7a5GMmpuggAOMRL4_atVxJLjw-BL8J8b3rhxK9Ee-dqSPjCrQ5VqRmT9CL_OMXKPkTS5sNosU-b2PReNQG7s5QONGBj-S12JKM0mzCng3oYOYDuZd7-AU9/s2000/DSC_7823.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD8K7gTM3GEZbz__aNHt-DCYSbXgHo6Aig7Vg6RZAQYSMBWxC-lw6I_autNMvlBPCOaD7a5GMmpuggAOMRL4_atVxJLjw-BL8J8b3rhxK9Ee-dqSPjCrQ5VqRmT9CL_OMXKPkTS5sNosU-b2PReNQG7s5QONGBj-S12JKM0mzCng3oYOYDuZd7-AU9/w400-h266/DSC_7823.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Thus far, the caterpillar host plant of the White Banded Flat has yet to be ascertained in Singapore. The known host plants from other sources include <i>Clerodendron chinense</i> (Lamiaceae), <i>Justicia gendarussa</i> (Acanthaceae) and <i>Jasminum nervosum</i> (Oleaceae). These plant species should be looked for in the habitat where this species frequents on Pulau Ubin.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Chng CK, Khew SK, Loh MY, Tea Yi Kai and Anthony Wong</span></b></div>
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Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-28933631806377034862023-03-29T22:35:00.003+08:002023-03-30T09:49:11.514+08:00Butterfly of the Month - March 2023<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - March 2023</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Golden Royal</span> (<i>Pseudotajuria donatana donatana</i>)</span></b></div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWNiI2ZDPYKt6dBCaoGBjoN7LpSUm3jOu1Q1alcBc4chm4_NWz6vX44bQ3RCPpQv7NMntTdVuAJkUYC1r583tOIHh6VWsHMaJ7m0EU1rQAPFzNO3fB1aUfbOpv2NSFMflxS3FFxu4nmO3YKrotOWaQuFsju38NFmaAdTsrvfoOK1XVPfxACPfoTrwP/s2400/bcd850-GoldenRoyal2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWNiI2ZDPYKt6dBCaoGBjoN7LpSUm3jOu1Q1alcBc4chm4_NWz6vX44bQ3RCPpQv7NMntTdVuAJkUYC1r583tOIHh6VWsHMaJ7m0EU1rQAPFzNO3fB1aUfbOpv2NSFMflxS3FFxu4nmO3YKrotOWaQuFsju38NFmaAdTsrvfoOK1XVPfxACPfoTrwP/w400-h266/bcd850-GoldenRoyal2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The month of March (at least two-thirds of it) belongs to the astrological sign Pisces. If you are born between 19 February and 20 March, your zodiac sign is Pisces. We featured Capricorn and Aquarius in the preceding Butterfly of the Month blogposts and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu2Yk5wS97VNsvhQ_DuA_eVxHs2UWu9j_w_uNdKV7QK2_R83n157MBGMNkHCtv1R9NM9sFmSMCBCbmjzRDc9O__dkBFagfk4xMeptMVOSBEYvcuASBZNxNJSoLJB1JUETutDGRwkej8GFv5CVS6yVnIUFHXGcpPcoT2sDNBsJz5INl5Sdoodi4N1eF/s2400/GoldenRoyal-KSK5.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu2Yk5wS97VNsvhQ_DuA_eVxHs2UWu9j_w_uNdKV7QK2_R83n157MBGMNkHCtv1R9NM9sFmSMCBCbmjzRDc9O__dkBFagfk4xMeptMVOSBEYvcuASBZNxNJSoLJB1JUETutDGRwkej8GFv5CVS6yVnIUFHXGcpPcoT2sDNBsJz5INl5Sdoodi4N1eF/w400-h266/GoldenRoyal-KSK5.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pisces (♓︎) (/ˈpaɪsiːz/;[2][3] Ancient Greek: Ἰχθύες Ikhthyes, Latin for "fishes") is the twelfth and final astrological sign in the zodiac. The Pisces sign is represented by a pair of fish and associated with the element of water. "Pisces" is the Latin word for "fishes." It is one of the earliest zodiac signs on record, with the two fish appearing as far back as c. 2300 BC on an Egyptian coffin lid.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ILRPs8RlehMXI67tLqyzSfhrgL4w2-Q6Xi5lhVFxECgEjD0ultdCKLZRBYyLhNE234r4ZVBY4qwfqT_11_w3xNKwSPImN0un8HrjsMA1PNRUlCNMuIsMJF_B21OSd9vMIA-4VtZCfuimvbCw75dd9Rcdxi-JLCE1AwtKv2LOyq9G1EZ-ZAtHY-TH/s850/GoldenRoyal-KSK.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="850" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ILRPs8RlehMXI67tLqyzSfhrgL4w2-Q6Xi5lhVFxECgEjD0ultdCKLZRBYyLhNE234r4ZVBY4qwfqT_11_w3xNKwSPImN0un8HrjsMA1PNRUlCNMuIsMJF_B21OSd9vMIA-4VtZCfuimvbCw75dd9Rcdxi-JLCE1AwtKv2LOyq9G1EZ-ZAtHY-TH/w400-h266/GoldenRoyal-KSK.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A female Golden Royal feeding on the flower of <i>Ixora javanica</i></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjPPAEsWm1Yx7-dmtPV2WeD3L4rJaS-heMQmsbrHjjhk-qzpp3hKVp2mf-LKqSgZWQooWBRe8uie_oAbRLjMjtc3IiIQbpmPIJdR0a-uI8y29I9Jy6zvfBjHAMOWKgIxHUJGW6O97l5yTXO5JtLsKlQZ0yoa5o85OCy64UrnPeTjp4vxeO9HQvEyHr/s2400/GoldenRoyal-KSK4.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjPPAEsWm1Yx7-dmtPV2WeD3L4rJaS-heMQmsbrHjjhk-qzpp3hKVp2mf-LKqSgZWQooWBRe8uie_oAbRLjMjtc3IiIQbpmPIJdR0a-uI8y29I9Jy6zvfBjHAMOWKgIxHUJGW6O97l5yTXO5JtLsKlQZ0yoa5o85OCy64UrnPeTjp4vxeO9HQvEyHr/w400-h266/GoldenRoyal-KSK4.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />Pisces personalities are known for being one of the most empathetic of the zodiac signs, and they'll do their best to make sure the people around them are comfortable, happy and at peace. They're also highly artistic and use their creative imaginations to come up with innovative ideas that not many can dream of.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgiNa16eNbueAITg48wTZZYwCGxsLqbs7cFVxSHQC432BscHM1xLNrwfG0GBaB5Q1_QO12OIqgr5sryIIFr9XA_khQ8uSC7dOe4IFf4F0cmqARmr2i0-_zvBK0nIDSqmhqXh6zWlRXP7xKjTgJJF28VRJK8qEX5AxBVVMXzgnCoA7M8gsYSgneL9QE/s1600/GoldenRoyal-KSKa.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgiNa16eNbueAITg48wTZZYwCGxsLqbs7cFVxSHQC432BscHM1xLNrwfG0GBaB5Q1_QO12OIqgr5sryIIFr9XA_khQ8uSC7dOe4IFf4F0cmqARmr2i0-_zvBK0nIDSqmhqXh6zWlRXP7xKjTgJJF28VRJK8qEX5AxBVVMXzgnCoA7M8gsYSgneL9QE/w400-h266/GoldenRoyal-KSKa.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLvKAy92z8c9geR4wLgY0H4WNt5rBlp1vILUMRJC967ZHWl7bTjTetp2IRBDsMM-yMYM4yHFp7VFenHTYNPwdMVrIAQnxuymyj3j3h6h-K1BQki6FoRGNCOidJ0gjBHWvAUhwv-3xlQddzJU31uhCZulZh9JmtSLbdTMJTHEutq1Mu8kbDVKGDMUIi/s2000/GR_male_03.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLvKAy92z8c9geR4wLgY0H4WNt5rBlp1vILUMRJC967ZHWl7bTjTetp2IRBDsMM-yMYM4yHFp7VFenHTYNPwdMVrIAQnxuymyj3j3h6h-K1BQki6FoRGNCOidJ0gjBHWvAUhwv-3xlQddzJU31uhCZulZh9JmtSLbdTMJTHEutq1Mu8kbDVKGDMUIi/w400-h266/GR_male_03.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><b><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A male Golden Royal puddling</span></b></div></b></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Those born under the Pisces sign may seem aloof and introverted but they are incredibly strong and have a very strong sense of right and wrong. Their moral compass, along with good sense of feeling and situational awareness, guides them well. However, they adopt a "live-and-let-live" approach towards others and are often neutral and non-judgemental.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR1l22KrNveRVHxaUW4cf_S6xbAT8K1TmnaZ1732dKZLbSXiRLj8gG-WcAkKXInHuM4VZ1kKq72cMGc7wRU97TcWM_Aq9A5FjKD8z1HUhEKdCN-H9eZI6O2fdmLYuVSzGW0HHpGrYmg4pXmf2YPGKLdPWS0KLBGZtzSXF-NPxK1b-J56DV_JM7s8Yc/s2000/GR_male_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR1l22KrNveRVHxaUW4cf_S6xbAT8K1TmnaZ1732dKZLbSXiRLj8gG-WcAkKXInHuM4VZ1kKq72cMGc7wRU97TcWM_Aq9A5FjKD8z1HUhEKdCN-H9eZI6O2fdmLYuVSzGW0HHpGrYmg4pXmf2YPGKLdPWS0KLBGZtzSXF-NPxK1b-J56DV_JM7s8Yc/w400-h266/GR_male_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">We feature a very rare Lycaenidae species, the <b><span style="color: red;">Golden Royal</span></b> (<i>Pseudotajuria donatana donatana</i>) as this month's Butterfly of the Month. Sightings of this species have been few and far between, until in the past two years, where observations of the butterfly became more regular and often, particularly in the vicinity of Southern Ridges' nature parks. At times, even up to 3 or 4 individuals of the Golden Royal have been spotted, usually feeding on the flowers of the <a href="http://www.natureloveyou.sg/Arthrophyllum%20diversifolium/Main.html" target="_blank">Common Ivy Palm</a> (<i>Arthrophyllum diversifolium</i>) tree.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq9IKvlcWxoMVZ14he4LcmCfKMeNcam9GW18-SXRkVqMqoJInuLPyA9q74Kt4_XEwxmy93EbCq0tCMWwlq9jxeBG6WlF4us1HLr7HsdcN7ph5s_FZGgoNfUrepXIriGjDrTHGJxwy14nosr3FkgbXzIVpYR3KAngWkPCgtYHk5KJd-UXs4N9xc-ZZL/s2000/GR_female_02.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq9IKvlcWxoMVZ14he4LcmCfKMeNcam9GW18-SXRkVqMqoJInuLPyA9q74Kt4_XEwxmy93EbCq0tCMWwlq9jxeBG6WlF4us1HLr7HsdcN7ph5s_FZGgoNfUrepXIriGjDrTHGJxwy14nosr3FkgbXzIVpYR3KAngWkPCgtYHk5KJd-UXs4N9xc-ZZL/w400-h266/GR_female_02.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeQCe7uP-5Zz4pat5NTAGRdPW5viTHVeijO_VuzuJioHVdWsj1DdX8xfioqODsqSCDJVGvDQJCsE3fsntkrr_2UJIoYpvYLurNhbvdWwe9UzCOIp80lES1SpebTDHpF9w1TVmdl36UFvStmBoEiYJJLzVrh1J6cUKOwj9Gi2rrs1nLmn3v9cmpq06/s2000/GR_female_03.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeQCe7uP-5Zz4pat5NTAGRdPW5viTHVeijO_VuzuJioHVdWsj1DdX8xfioqODsqSCDJVGvDQJCsE3fsntkrr_2UJIoYpvYLurNhbvdWwe9UzCOIp80lES1SpebTDHpF9w1TVmdl36UFvStmBoEiYJJLzVrh1J6cUKOwj9Gi2rrs1nLmn3v9cmpq06/w400-h266/GR_female_03.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Underside and upperside of a female Golden Royal</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The male of the Golden Royal is shining blue above with broad black borders on both wings. The female is of a lighter blue with the colour confined mainly to the wing bases. The underside is a rich golden yellow with the forewing unmarked. The hindwing has large black tornal spots and are edged generously with metallic green scaling. There are two white-tipped filamentous tails at veins 1b and 2 of the hindwing.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWjcJEWtTmfBDj8MkH61TPCti5onOJJeEVpQBnX67iaj2Bfi3QVyDQySiSgxWOagPHZsoT4k4c4JP-TMwZdcRBYCqnw797v1ybDj8IBTfYvLFOvXS1yop7t7ZcgU4kikQ0ZF932tdFgq-2ttixcUAoOra1-xCmWZzhlimNS2At5sbUdGWtErSjlu1l/s2000/GR_male_04.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWjcJEWtTmfBDj8MkH61TPCti5onOJJeEVpQBnX67iaj2Bfi3QVyDQySiSgxWOagPHZsoT4k4c4JP-TMwZdcRBYCqnw797v1ybDj8IBTfYvLFOvXS1yop7t7ZcgU4kikQ0ZF932tdFgq-2ttixcUAoOra1-xCmWZzhlimNS2At5sbUdGWtErSjlu1l/w400-h266/GR_male_04.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrgqvvbsrGN-73bNTjLfaSLwh4Vu6qm9YYLSafJWrgFlhWH2gl9xxxGNurZqcUgOFDA6oYbhKt_fJDyYNLbuhSaqmnMBgw1gFMcZQY4hXALzaBQ-rHJtHc1AUIeIC1Hf7SDLPHHR5ddPncNrHjIRhWjbmfToMk0G8xnVbZZ8SETREn3utriVfiJ0hN/s2000/GR_male_05.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrgqvvbsrGN-73bNTjLfaSLwh4Vu6qm9YYLSafJWrgFlhWH2gl9xxxGNurZqcUgOFDA6oYbhKt_fJDyYNLbuhSaqmnMBgw1gFMcZQY4hXALzaBQ-rHJtHc1AUIeIC1Hf7SDLPHHR5ddPncNrHjIRhWjbmfToMk0G8xnVbZZ8SETREn3utriVfiJ0hN/w400-h266/GR_male_05.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Underside and upperside of a male Golden Royal</b></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Golden Royal has a rapid erratic flight and is skittish and alert. However, when feeding on flowering plants, it can be approached more easily. Males of the species are sometimes observed puddling at damp muddy footpaths in the forested nature reserves. Females are usually observed feeding at various flowering plants including <i>Ixora javanica</i> Common Ivy Palm and Mile-A-Minute.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKEn9jG_x-vBGlorH26qOZMjjrKGZFLon-4WoKfXgL38GltvTQ5iaEGi9WTr5FDTiO-6Sz7zhbqEAJxjzHu6tS_3N42CptggT22pdZmXbSW51G07OspSIx2r3A68SlUvzt_E9OlB9fSbonVpFKdrD5W4iCm_Z8Ffh6S1pwwT0qesDqFMmtmDI4bGUy/s1200/GR_adult_LokePF.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKEn9jG_x-vBGlorH26qOZMjjrKGZFLon-4WoKfXgL38GltvTQ5iaEGi9WTr5FDTiO-6Sz7zhbqEAJxjzHu6tS_3N42CptggT22pdZmXbSW51G07OspSIx2r3A68SlUvzt_E9OlB9fSbonVpFKdrD5W4iCm_Z8Ffh6S1pwwT0qesDqFMmtmDI4bGUy/w400-h266/GR_adult_LokePF.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Golden Royal feeding at the flowers of the Common Ivy Palm</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf9D5nmX-vXyZPBCoACVuwmYbQr5NAR59IQsoN8-KK7cuLqL5EAa_63xRe0ZrzbAACTuahpT3UEU2GqFsHOpq_FBHOoI0Sy8A1u-eWMyPD1pIUiHr8ZPh7J5QmEGz-k5n02ZUidIYxastwIHxRr_LgXI2K071Ak4eX2YxoJbZLkUocqgRHrkLjlI2s/s800/GR_male_newly_eclosed.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf9D5nmX-vXyZPBCoACVuwmYbQr5NAR59IQsoN8-KK7cuLqL5EAa_63xRe0ZrzbAACTuahpT3UEU2GqFsHOpq_FBHOoI0Sy8A1u-eWMyPD1pIUiHr8ZPh7J5QmEGz-k5n02ZUidIYxastwIHxRr_LgXI2K071Ak4eX2YxoJbZLkUocqgRHrkLjlI2s/w400-h266/GR_male_newly_eclosed.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A newly eclosed Golden Royal hanging onto its pupal case</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH5WDplrYwwJv4XXUEPWvZsTRNeHHTDJpPjK1ztfDYb0lJKxiwJFD3LKB8OK5fnzEO120nMUNIy27mQI2thYnUMXrUROz6ZV0amGlnRoGW3f1MJ_0Cmh-_eX7E4_m_OiamuaWs_be7Lud1Om2cRl4IJ_Gz5Nb02RekYirF0hJc0RRJEHUssjdsy3Rm/s2048/GoldenRoyal-GavinC.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH5WDplrYwwJv4XXUEPWvZsTRNeHHTDJpPjK1ztfDYb0lJKxiwJFD3LKB8OK5fnzEO120nMUNIy27mQI2thYnUMXrUROz6ZV0amGlnRoGW3f1MJ_0Cmh-_eX7E4_m_OiamuaWs_be7Lud1Om2cRl4IJ_Gz5Nb02RekYirF0hJc0RRJEHUssjdsy3Rm/w400-h266/GoldenRoyal-GavinC.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In Singapore, the Golden Royal has been successfully bred on its caterpillar host plant. So far only one larval host plant has been identified. This plant is the Oval-leaved Mistletoe (<i>Viscum ovalifolium</i>), a relatively rare parasitic plant in Singapore. On this plant, the early stages of the Golden Royal feed on the flower buds, fruits and leaves, with a strong preference for flower buds in the early few instars.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Gavin Chan, Khew SK, Loh MY, Loke PF and Horace Tan</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></b></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-53374832347820023622023-02-25T22:03:00.004+08:002023-02-25T22:19:17.040+08:00Butterfly of the Month - February 2023<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - February 2023</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Common Caerulean</span> (<i>Jamides celeno aelianus</i>)</span></b></div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh7fpYz0GyngB7-HDC3Wi4IeRYvyksLoYvF79SyI0-FnyH7nY-ecvdVSPq7NBoQmRhSW8HMRBvvRvHOO7GfxukfGY-VCZfumHOFkQskfcCeHebV6Z_uTEEV_P1RuLe_cuOT_-rCtFFdDa9IuDVluC76skMFtLKP9xxYOvoItgP0wU-zMvekK9wwGK5/s2400/CommonCaerulean-KSKA2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh7fpYz0GyngB7-HDC3Wi4IeRYvyksLoYvF79SyI0-FnyH7nY-ecvdVSPq7NBoQmRhSW8HMRBvvRvHOO7GfxukfGY-VCZfumHOFkQskfcCeHebV6Z_uTEEV_P1RuLe_cuOT_-rCtFFdDa9IuDVluC76skMFtLKP9xxYOvoItgP0wU-zMvekK9wwGK5/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-KSKA2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A mating pair of Common Caeruleans perched on a blade of grass</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Following up on the theme of astrological (or zodiac) signs for this year's Butterfly of the Month series, we continue with the next astrological sign that corresponds with the month of the year. We featured Capricorn in the previous month and will now move into the next in the series. The 12 zodiac signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhueCL0zQUja9Mp0G57Sb9ufvZle0FOYDCwS5HDHTTw0o132nHvtm2d7_PWFkSiPJNeuZj8w363Tg88iwF8G4d2XhoVwAjbB_uf_NEUw6dJC2yfuoW5Ny5z-Ghj8OtCHwdwEaIhYvmleSBRlnI8_CU9_AMeVJuAjiBNVG-8svvhg3ItAn39xQ1CrW58/s2000/CommonCaerulean-LMY.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1334" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhueCL0zQUja9Mp0G57Sb9ufvZle0FOYDCwS5HDHTTw0o132nHvtm2d7_PWFkSiPJNeuZj8w363Tg88iwF8G4d2XhoVwAjbB_uf_NEUw6dJC2yfuoW5Ny5z-Ghj8OtCHwdwEaIhYvmleSBRlnI8_CU9_AMeVJuAjiBNVG-8svvhg3ItAn39xQ1CrW58/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-LMY.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Aquarius is the eleventh astrological sign in the zodiac. People born between and including January 20 and February 18 belong to this zodiac sign. Aquarius (♒︎) (Greek: Υδροχόος, romanized: Ydrochóos, Latin for "water-bearer") is often represented by an image of a woman (or a young boy) carrying a pitcher from which she pours out water.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwXHh02PrTOxtuW7X2LBYGZHfBL4bEReW6fHaSk3Ct3AdBVrhqEN4demqS1DqlSrD2eL6zx26ivWYje415StcYnllsHEMo1yGhBMnHyyJrsqDDXFHMsvdzyDdSvsIIrwxhnmrrSTNbHcXCiuVzfpNm7ipfJtCznsCI44G01xuHst4kIOW9vstaaHcR/s1723/CommonCaerulean-DavidC.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1155" data-original-width="1723" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwXHh02PrTOxtuW7X2LBYGZHfBL4bEReW6fHaSk3Ct3AdBVrhqEN4demqS1DqlSrD2eL6zx26ivWYje415StcYnllsHEMo1yGhBMnHyyJrsqDDXFHMsvdzyDdSvsIIrwxhnmrrSTNbHcXCiuVzfpNm7ipfJtCznsCI44G01xuHst4kIOW9vstaaHcR/w400-h269/CommonCaerulean-DavidC.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpVWQbWRWQpBk8w3x-vrnLxXBsZf30F2BF_ydPf9UzO47jizjuAVyU6ugpWdDjCSecg3CAbzQbZz4u89B-WpOMNxoAWkvSMgY2MbTEtVN9nrc9BgDdliDHIcVAOGwP9xEd2EEC3sv6QJJwFU2DPJvfoJ4JBnGD_YJHt37nz3haCA_zMQTzrlvTtmE0/s728/CommonCaerulean-MarkW.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="728" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpVWQbWRWQpBk8w3x-vrnLxXBsZf30F2BF_ydPf9UzO47jizjuAVyU6ugpWdDjCSecg3CAbzQbZz4u89B-WpOMNxoAWkvSMgY2MbTEtVN9nrc9BgDdliDHIcVAOGwP9xEd2EEC3sv6QJJwFU2DPJvfoJ4JBnGD_YJHt37nz3haCA_zMQTzrlvTtmE0/w400-h264/CommonCaerulean-MarkW.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Personal independence is one of the greatest strengths an Aquarius can have — as they have a visionary intellectual perspective on life, people and the world. Aquarians are visionaries, progressive souls who love to spend time thinking about how things can be better. They are also quick to engage others in this process, which is why they have so many friends and acquaintances. Making the world a better place is a collaborative effort for Aquarians.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpADtdJ2fpicGxMLgtCQDCCj7OqV9UnDsfCwh-hLvoW-b06gL9Ud9If-3qK3Ty_0rErxZF2Yp9nOb5ggiBOp4CUXWVv0NCfiqBT34UTvblicidYcfE4blRxzOxI0Bu45M5gTYA-hjbYwhS7-aQLd4gzWyTWIDP_SJFhqTYHU94HW2HH9ZbzI3tefvQ/s2400/CommonCaerulean-KSK4.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpADtdJ2fpicGxMLgtCQDCCj7OqV9UnDsfCwh-hLvoW-b06gL9Ud9If-3qK3Ty_0rErxZF2Yp9nOb5ggiBOp4CUXWVv0NCfiqBT34UTvblicidYcfE4blRxzOxI0Bu45M5gTYA-hjbYwhS7-aQLd4gzWyTWIDP_SJFhqTYHU94HW2HH9ZbzI3tefvQ/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-KSK4.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheqk3OMb2MzPB9gzIE_Ay00mUJvDmQ4ZVV6alFK0xNI8ck1Tu_p7Mro2QG_mk1RqSfP9vCdcn0aDcleenoNN8KCDteGrRVqFb7I_fm9QJTWNG8hW4kmwAdjFtM_hwi30BQyc8tPMMLcD01bfHTSNmSzCrV4RiP3PfN28eSc2CKu-T1VxXa_kZqiwMJ/s1622/CommonCaerulean-LowJK.JPG"><img border="0" data-original-height="1081" data-original-width="1622" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheqk3OMb2MzPB9gzIE_Ay00mUJvDmQ4ZVV6alFK0xNI8ck1Tu_p7Mro2QG_mk1RqSfP9vCdcn0aDcleenoNN8KCDteGrRVqFb7I_fm9QJTWNG8hW4kmwAdjFtM_hwi30BQyc8tPMMLcD01bfHTSNmSzCrV4RiP3PfN28eSc2CKu-T1VxXa_kZqiwMJ/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-LowJK.JPG" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7dSt4FX51Q6aSkNe6GYHdi3vldk2R-iVOBUPFMg17W6LM47LZFMqocK6Uub4uSVYWpZNgXuzs2NPRkoJi1EUwtfkL9M4gyZg9Ue_9V-4cv8Tp267YnCHsN2twLiuTJ-dQigWxvb3Mrj0wsFeCGhNXRO0qHd6vatWICEy9VHLoJjAeEAaexHrqqbS/s2400/CommonCaerulean-KSK5a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7dSt4FX51Q6aSkNe6GYHdi3vldk2R-iVOBUPFMg17W6LM47LZFMqocK6Uub4uSVYWpZNgXuzs2NPRkoJi1EUwtfkL9M4gyZg9Ue_9V-4cv8Tp267YnCHsN2twLiuTJ-dQigWxvb3Mrj0wsFeCGhNXRO0qHd6vatWICEy9VHLoJjAeEAaexHrqqbS/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-KSK5a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Common Caeruleans feeding on a variety of flowers</b></span></div><div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Aquarians often tend to be quite popular, as they crave social interactions. Their friendly demeanor can aid them in building a wide network of acquaintances and contacts. Stubbornness in ideas can be the cornerstone of difficulty for an Aquarius. While it can, on one hand, give them a great deal of strength when channeled properly, it can also create alienation and conflict. Many Aquarians despise being caged and will go to great degrees of rebellion and unpredictable behavior in order to not be confined.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4auHE7Zck5nM-ZZUbhTQlX8DNn32E87dc4aKzkgffIyEPy_53HRahdWMHNA4mZ8tZ31SgnSnULodsUZs1bRyj6iyZ3-3fPh5aLnnzY8pR9mpbMrYpKnpyEmZCw7d12BVoL7c3wE9-Kj7BZzDd3zKKfH0RYfqFc_yQkY5gJdP3oEIo5IVvKM3NmLvc/s2400/CommonCaerulean-KSK6.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4auHE7Zck5nM-ZZUbhTQlX8DNn32E87dc4aKzkgffIyEPy_53HRahdWMHNA4mZ8tZ31SgnSnULodsUZs1bRyj6iyZ3-3fPh5aLnnzY8pR9mpbMrYpKnpyEmZCw7d12BVoL7c3wE9-Kj7BZzDd3zKKfH0RYfqFc_yQkY5gJdP3oEIo5IVvKM3NmLvc/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-KSK6.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Common Caerulean feeding on the flower of the Singapore Daisy</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our feature butterfly for the month of February 2023 is the Lycaenidae <b><span style="color: red;">Common Caerulean</span></b> (<i>Jamides celeno aelianus</i>). A small but common butterfly, the Common Caerulean is widely distributed across many habitats in Singapore, and can sometimes be seen in numbers where they thrive. Often seen at the forest edges of our nature reserves and even in suburban parks and gardens, the Common Caerulean flies restlessly at low levels amongst shrubbery and grassy areas.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioDL8K9ENHacLWuGLPWO4FykpMD4gyQXjffeABph2M7CLhBZECD93K6z8F_rSdP4QG8ajSGRruP7pcQ20OTo-PWnQGqYzbYWd8TjNUleURcOCKAa7vNRVIE36MsBaufO_EnNDM_uyBqHpxM2cRwhRblAh_W13RBpT5EoJ1E6lSdbudjBL6gBMVGO_S/s2400/CommonCaerulean-LimHP.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioDL8K9ENHacLWuGLPWO4FykpMD4gyQXjffeABph2M7CLhBZECD93K6z8F_rSdP4QG8ajSGRruP7pcQ20OTo-PWnQGqYzbYWd8TjNUleURcOCKAa7vNRVIE36MsBaufO_EnNDM_uyBqHpxM2cRwhRblAh_W13RBpT5EoJ1E6lSdbudjBL6gBMVGO_S/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-LimHP.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A group of 5 Common Caeruleans feeding on the flowers of the Red Tree Shrub</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This species is one of several lookalikes in the genus <i>Jamides</i> and identifying them with certainty is often a challenge unless one can take a photograph of the individual up-close and be able to ascertain the diagnostic markings to distinguish the ID of the species. As they fly erratically and sometimes for long periods of time, one has to be patient in the field to wait for them to stop and rest before approaching carefully to try to identify the species.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguLotSjwRVHVv0-oswc3X83TD8kx3mN2kqCWz8M8bYDguuyRlZMVUO7RAJd4w7fsz1oJfKYB8cLWBkMzDavSBTiYC9VOgGlHnikrUcwIygM_Bxf_FCEyfys0DGRKEOySMCYH5n6KdSMBY13y5yErhTRZY5e9yEuHy0ro5bksYAIPJeyBTDHdptT9aJ/s2000/bcd850-CommonCaerulean.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguLotSjwRVHVv0-oswc3X83TD8kx3mN2kqCWz8M8bYDguuyRlZMVUO7RAJd4w7fsz1oJfKYB8cLWBkMzDavSBTiYC9VOgGlHnikrUcwIygM_Bxf_FCEyfys0DGRKEOySMCYH5n6KdSMBY13y5yErhTRZY5e9yEuHy0ro5bksYAIPJeyBTDHdptT9aJ/w400-h266/bcd850-CommonCaerulean.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Common Caerulean puddling at a muddy footpath</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZhetu_13zz5hj0RiJfClU9RJqwV5hMKqOhcr7bgVNct0XkajyXJZv-4fWmtDFHQ1xnvBgD95TvAOC4VjK995qpwOTlHcZlpaXxUU5PhGx18yaW8su3bAVYCSn-CFST5AxOPnHNHmRW0gr3Lh7f7lwAv4sj3k15fAUSRHl4EwYIb-LSfy9McJZwKEo/s1683/CommonCaerulean-KohCH.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1460" data-original-width="1683" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZhetu_13zz5hj0RiJfClU9RJqwV5hMKqOhcr7bgVNct0XkajyXJZv-4fWmtDFHQ1xnvBgD95TvAOC4VjK995qpwOTlHcZlpaXxUU5PhGx18yaW8su3bAVYCSn-CFST5AxOPnHNHmRW0gr3Lh7f7lwAv4sj3k15fAUSRHl4EwYIb-LSfy9McJZwKEo/w400-h348/CommonCaerulean-KohCH.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Common Caerulean is a bright metallic blue on the upperside, with a thin black marginal border in the males whilst females are almost whitish with a broad black border on both wings. The underside is a buff-grey with the typical white striation of the genus across both the fore- and hindwings. As a member of the celeno sub-group, the post-discal band on the forewing is continuous from vein 3 to 7. It has a white-tipped filamentous tail at vein 2 of the hindwing and a large orange-crowned eyespot on the underside of the hindwing.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS7_xGm0j-Hx_qtyh2HL9iF6jsOBSrJUSlztYRnPwWEE_xPoIQWq6huxWA_4oqz7pcldZpTWQuquTkIOygfe65oKGPXom4jN9yccy-QEzIrHEMu7W_nxAXQeYcC7bUVMXeCNlWnM8rZREc9wFXlgn_aQpUzx7gWsItExvMEMwfm-9NIHfvNtlDxdLW/s2000/CommonCaerulean-LohMY.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS7_xGm0j-Hx_qtyh2HL9iF6jsOBSrJUSlztYRnPwWEE_xPoIQWq6huxWA_4oqz7pcldZpTWQuquTkIOygfe65oKGPXom4jN9yccy-QEzIrHEMu7W_nxAXQeYcC7bUVMXeCNlWnM8rZREc9wFXlgn_aQpUzx7gWsItExvMEMwfm-9NIHfvNtlDxdLW/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-LohMY.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWMukBtwecybNPdZspTn5ltwxYHc-nRlBHZYMrQV9zKWAbxRBoMemBD5MMGOWqLgJP8h8OZPIXTCP6wLnNYH5b5O1-LF_n-14B5g93Ru8_34OUXkUrbc84OWKcMpS7145Qgk8EDEt9gsGcBPNfnnFUIDxzC-ARo1guDhOkPMXezgbmxgm0Rh0LKxdW/s2400/CommonCaerulean-KSK3a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWMukBtwecybNPdZspTn5ltwxYHc-nRlBHZYMrQV9zKWAbxRBoMemBD5MMGOWqLgJP8h8OZPIXTCP6wLnNYH5b5O1-LF_n-14B5g93Ru8_34OUXkUrbc84OWKcMpS7145Qgk8EDEt9gsGcBPNfnnFUIDxzC-ARo1guDhOkPMXezgbmxgm0Rh0LKxdW/w400-h266/CommonCaerulean-KSK3a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The species is relatively common and often seen feeding at flowering plants as well as the occasional individual observed puddling at muddy footpaths or bird droppings. The Common Caerulean stops on the top surfaces of leaves to rest, with their wings folded upright. It is very rare to come across an individual with its wings spread open to sunbathe. The species also rubs its hindwings when at rest, to trick predators into attacking its tailed hindwing.</div>
<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifR0pQn6Hy09odFZrU_wN91FUBlTVZhrV7205W2c1XwVS5CP03EXS7FXwvFO7QRe5-ahqnO4TLhCTqYKP9-I3arnnZyKcwZyt4Igpmyt6Sb8EOpAC0YGQe4eYD2Mb8w653WoWsslOt1gbvugC8b-3PCEYTnIQYhswXLkoC77P5ZB9LvGomgAWcQ9yD/s800/Mating-CC-2b-web.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifR0pQn6Hy09odFZrU_wN91FUBlTVZhrV7205W2c1XwVS5CP03EXS7FXwvFO7QRe5-ahqnO4TLhCTqYKP9-I3arnnZyKcwZyt4Igpmyt6Sb8EOpAC0YGQe4eYD2Mb8w653WoWsslOt1gbvugC8b-3PCEYTnIQYhswXLkoC77P5ZB9LvGomgAWcQ9yD/w400-h268/Mating-CC-2b-web.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Common Caerulean's life history has been successfully recorded in Singapore, and the caterpillars feed on a variety of host plants like <i>Pueraria phaseoloides</i> (Fabaceae), <i>Combretum sundaicum</i> (Combretaceae) and <i>Vigna reflexopilosa</i> (Fabaceae). </div></div></div>
<div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by David Chan, Chng CK, Khew SK, Koh CH, Loh MY, Low JK, Bobby Mun and Mark Wong</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Reference : <a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2015/05/life-history-of-common-caerulean.html" target="_blank">Life History of the Common Caerulean</a></span></b></div>Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-3538763649051469702023-02-05T12:00:00.002+08:002023-02-05T14:31:27.326+08:00Life History of the Common Onyx<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the <span style="color: red;">Common Onyx</span> (<i>Horaga onyx sardonyx</i>) </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u> </b><!----><br />
<b>Genus: </b><i> Horaga</i> Moore, 1881 <br />
<b>Species: </b><i> onyx</i> Moore, 1858 <br />
<b>Subspecies:</b><i> sardonyx</i> Fruhstorfer, 1914 <br />
<b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b>23-26 mm <br />
<b>Caterpillar Local Host Plants: </b><i>Adenanthera pavonina</i> [Fabaceae (Leguminosae), common name: Saga], <i>Guioa pubersens</i> (Sapindaceae).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Physical Description of Adult Butterfly: </b></span><br />
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On the <b>upperside</b>, the male is bright purplish blue with a broad black border on the forewing with a white discal patch not crossed by dark-dusted veins. The female is pale purplish blue and has a larger white discal patch. On the <b>underside</b>, both sexes are yellowish-brown with broad discal white bands traversing both fore- and hindwings. On the hindwing, the discal band crosses and continue below vein 1a. On the forewing, the discal band is notched. Both sexes have three filamentous tails on each hindwing, at veins 1b, 2 and 3, with the one at vein 2 longest among the three.
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Field Observations: </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
The Common Onyx is rare in Singapore, and sightings have so far been restricted to the Southern Ridges and Pulau Ubin. It has a strong rapid flight, and is often observed to sunbathe at its favourite perches.
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Early Stages:</b></span><br />
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Thus far, two larval host plants have been identified in Singapore. They are <i>Adenanthera pavonina</i> (Saga) and <i>Guioa pubersens</i>. The caterpillars of the Common Onyx feed on the young leaves of both plants, and on the flower buds and flowers of Saga.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Local host plant 1: <i>Adenanthera pavonina</i> (Saga) </span> <br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Local host plant 2: <i>Guioa pubersens</i>. </span> <br />
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Eggs are laids singly on the young shoot or the inflorescence of the host plant. Each egg resembles a bun with coarse hexagonal reticulations. It is initially pale greenish when newly laid but turns whitish as it matures. Each egg has a basal diameter of about 0.8mm.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of an egg of the Common Onyx. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"><b>Left:</b> ready to emerge. <b>Right:</b> out of the egg shell. </span><br />
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The egg takes about 3 days to hatch. The caterpillar nibbles away the top part of the egg shell to emerge.
The newly hatched is about 1mm long, with a pale yellowish brown head and a pale yellowish brown body covered with long setae dorsally and laterally. The basal part of the dorsal setae on the metathorax and 1st to the 7th abdominal segments is marked in reddish brown. As growth progresses, dorsal tubercles on the metathorax (a pair) and 1st to 7th abdominal segments (one each) become prominently marked in dark reddish brown. The first instar sees the body length reaches up to 2.5mm, and lasts about 2.5 days before the moult to the next instar.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly hatched caterpillar of the Common Onyx, length: 1mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a first instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, length: 2mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late first instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, dormant prior to its moult, length: 2.5mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
The second instar caterpiller is pale yellowish green in base colour. It features numerous short setae on the body surface and has a number of prominent and pointed tubercles projecting from the body surface. On the mesothorax, there are 2 short dorso-lateral tubercles. On the metathorax, there are two long dark red tipped dorso-lateral tubercles. On each of the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th abdominal segments, there is one long dark reddish dorsal tubercle, with those on the 2nd and 5th segments longer than those on the other two segments. On the 3rd abdominal segment, there is a short reddish dorsal tubercle. On the 2nd abdominal segment, there is a short sub-spiracular tubercle on both sides of the body. There is also a pair of such sub-spiracular tubercles on the 7th abdominal segment, but longer than those on the 2nd abdominal segment. The 2nd instar lasts about 2-2.5 days with the body length reaches up to 4.2-4.9mm.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a second instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, length: 3mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a second instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, length: 4mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a second instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, dormant prior to its moult, length: 4.8mm. </span><br />
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The third instar caterpiller has the same configuration of dorsal, dorso-lateral and sub-spiracular tubles as in the 2nd instar, but they are now proportionately longer and prominent, particuarly so for the ones on 2nd, 6th and 7th abdominal segments. Whitish patches adorn the basal part of the dorsal tubercles. A whitish band also run sub-spiracularly along the side of the body. The third instar lasts about 2-2.5 days and has its length reaches up to about 8-8.5mm before the moult to the 4th (and last) instar.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a third instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, early in this instar, length: 5.4mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a third instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, length: 8.5mm. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioaJqc00vpm1j8J9sXOua4-qWACRaQ1x_9mzxnpgDeCOyUrG6uwg3Rnuc_QA_kdtvfkmRfHMbqvUwwv0Qoe7hQQLqtIAkUwq5z1K2HLrB2VLq00rSYWOCDUDdWfnYR8MBh4TWvfsqgSaYKYPIAVQxLfTqaz2KlZ2srZj9glzFGDfRRtyDBpx36VWEU/s800/HO_L3_late_8mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioaJqc00vpm1j8J9sXOua4-qWACRaQ1x_9mzxnpgDeCOyUrG6uwg3Rnuc_QA_kdtvfkmRfHMbqvUwwv0Qoe7hQQLqtIAkUwq5z1K2HLrB2VLq00rSYWOCDUDdWfnYR8MBh4TWvfsqgSaYKYPIAVQxLfTqaz2KlZ2srZj9glzFGDfRRtyDBpx36VWEU/s400/HO_L3_late_8mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a third instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, dormant prior to its moult, length: 8mm. </span><br />
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The 4th instar caterpillar has proportinately longer dorsal, dorso-lateral and sub-spiracular tubecles then those seen in the 3rd instar. Laterally, the lateral part of the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th abdominal segments are suffused with reddish brown to varying extent.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, early in this instar, length: 9.5mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, length: 14mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar of the Common Onyx, length: 16.5mm. </span><br />
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The 4th instar lasts about 3.5-4 days with the body length reaches up to 16.5-17mm. On the last day, the body gradually shortens. The caterpillar stops feeding, wanders around and eventually comes to rest on a spot on the stem where it begins the silk spinning effort to turn it into its pupation site. Once the silk pad is done, the caterpillar secures itself to it and turns into an immobile pre-pupa.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pre-pupa of the Common Onyx. </span><br />
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The pre-pupal stage of the caterpillar lasts about one day. The ensuing pupation event turns it into a yellowh green pupa with the typical shape of a lycaenid pupa. The small pupa is about 9mm in length. The pupa attaches itself to the stem via its broad cremaster end. The pupal surface is mostly smooth, with only a few short protrusions appearing on the dorsum in several abdominal segments. There is a pair of small reddish dorso-lateral patches on the 1st abdominal segment, and U-shaped whitish markings overlayed with reddish brown patches on the 3rd to 5th abdominal segments. Small irregularly shaped whitish patches also occur on the pupal surface and in appreciable concentration on the fronter part of the wing pads.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pupa of the Common Onyx, length: 9mm. </span><br />
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After six days, the pupa gradually turn dark towards the end of the day, with the wing pads prominently black with a few small whitish patches embedded. Next morning, the adult butterfly emerges from the mature pupa. It rests on the pupal case or nearby stem surface to have its wings gradually expanded. A few hours later, the adult Common Onyx takes its first flight.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Three views of a maturing pupa of the Common Onyx, from night before (Left) to the morning of eclosion (Right). </span><br />
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<iframe class="BLOG_video_class" allowfullscreen="" youtube-src-id="i0tDDvV8aPE" width="420" height="236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/i0tDDvV8aPE"></iframe>
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Video: A Common Onyx emerges from its pupal case.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly eclosed Common Onyx resting on its pupal case. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>References:</b>
</span> <br />
<ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">[C&P5]</span><b>
The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M.
Pendlebury, G. and N. van der Poorten (Eds.), 5th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 2020.</b>
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</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd Edition, 2012.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore, Khew S.K., Ink On Paper Communications, 2nd Edition, 2015.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
</span>
</ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;">
Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Gavin Gareth Chan, Loh Mei Yee and Horace Tan, Video by Horace Tan.</span>
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Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-8963430261221663522023-01-29T22:03:00.001+08:002023-02-06T00:05:41.488+08:00Butterfly of the Month - January 2023<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - January 2023</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Autumn Leaf</span> (<i>Doleschallia bisaltide</i>)</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbZZWORTn45RvxPahPn3_UyNl3rXFsIRczfI0zfHgNrEFz4TNsc9_MnIBCqlgz9cRwo_vu2DFd1G-LwJC43DIjiE6q5t8GMeTu7buC15HvoyvQ3NnNulVRjOGmN9QfzNysAGFb-yPyQSr1_Lw2G-RbDt61gquCvZyy0Lw6gieI9aD2D1JFN9y2HUT3/s2400/bcd850-AutumnLeaf.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbZZWORTn45RvxPahPn3_UyNl3rXFsIRczfI0zfHgNrEFz4TNsc9_MnIBCqlgz9cRwo_vu2DFd1G-LwJC43DIjiE6q5t8GMeTu7buC15HvoyvQ3NnNulVRjOGmN9QfzNysAGFb-yPyQSr1_Lw2G-RbDt61gquCvZyy0Lw6gieI9aD2D1JFN9y2HUT3/w400-h266/bcd850-AutumnLeaf.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>An Autumn Leaf ssp ? <i>bisaltide </i>var feeding at the yellow cultivar of <i>Lantana camara</i></b></span></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">We continue with our Butterfly of the Month (BOTM) series into its 16th year featuring our local butterfly species extant in Singapore. Starting with this new 2023 series, will be a side discussion on the twelve astrological zodiac signs for each month of the year till December 2023. The astrological signs are Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLN9N_oC8Wu7q26f_guB1MGLm25G7MgXhiCSj-I3CQdPD0tNuUhEwQmBG-n2ACr4S7tGJYFGeSchaP3YPegNlKQajo1-tOKowFTUWBetvDLwHaX0AltWlwM2lspe1U-bPLYin1-RoH7ZL8DMn6qfG1p_YJ1G0G7M1xuap3LiVxaS4wSPCnT7siZlYj/s600/AL_adult_01.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLN9N_oC8Wu7q26f_guB1MGLm25G7MgXhiCSj-I3CQdPD0tNuUhEwQmBG-n2ACr4S7tGJYFGeSchaP3YPegNlKQajo1-tOKowFTUWBetvDLwHaX0AltWlwM2lspe1U-bPLYin1-RoH7ZL8DMn6qfG1p_YJ1G0G7M1xuap3LiVxaS4wSPCnT7siZlYj/w400-h266/AL_adult_01.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Astrology is a pseudoscience. There appears to be no scientific validity or substantiation of the theoretical basis and verification of claims or conclusions of the characteristics of human behaviour or traits that are associated with each zodiac sign. More plausible explanations for the apparent correlation between personality traits and birth months exist, such as the influence of seasonal birth in humans.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FFEzByYFBe4feHOFzXGtaMCLAAZKftmeo7ox-Opia-MdT1Lbx8u2CglwapN1fVzVl7P32oigMMKgpZV_XUbAiaaF8RrnCuLymAqgsF2VLvFR7JpSCuZovrKmsAhASEuc5GOcKxlSqNzTSwZazG_5NALHYzE5mHsVo-nxVvhgIFZz_Cjc_QvK7-Sp/s2400/AutumnLeaf-KSK7.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FFEzByYFBe4feHOFzXGtaMCLAAZKftmeo7ox-Opia-MdT1Lbx8u2CglwapN1fVzVl7P32oigMMKgpZV_XUbAiaaF8RrnCuLymAqgsF2VLvFR7JpSCuZovrKmsAhASEuc5GOcKxlSqNzTSwZazG_5NALHYzE5mHsVo-nxVvhgIFZz_Cjc_QvK7-Sp/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-KSK7.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The Western zodiac originated in Babylonian astrology, and was later influenced by the Hellenistic culture. Each sign was named after a constellation the sun annually moved through while crossing the sky. This observation is emphasized in the simplified and popular sun sign astrology. Astrology (i.e. a system of omina based on celestial appearances) was developed in Hindu, Chinese and Tibetan cultures as well - each with its own interpretation, measuring and dividing the sky are currently used by their respective differing systems of astrology.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifVkmF4dnHncGeviOvZlHBX4z-RK-WdnGo8Q8BfdY4Oa7FX_3omySNk_lspu_ArNtAJbQkobBFHH4x7QbDCZDmIlMtAbuH_4efnk7L1Y-yHCU7Xz15LtY6L5SweUL-Wd15xh4KseW9PRQmeXKTwFuX5ab-FcY4zGSG7isQrBPhrKKcN0obn9N_JY3A/s700/AutumnLeaf-LokePF.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="700" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifVkmF4dnHncGeviOvZlHBX4z-RK-WdnGo8Q8BfdY4Oa7FX_3omySNk_lspu_ArNtAJbQkobBFHH4x7QbDCZDmIlMtAbuH_4efnk7L1Y-yHCU7Xz15LtY6L5SweUL-Wd15xh4KseW9PRQmeXKTwFuX5ab-FcY4zGSG7isQrBPhrKKcN0obn9N_JY3A/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-LokePF.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3std5lFL8z6SPpxzXU8RKmFOt8Okn92aL57Q0bjUkJo9sMEDliEGK51qnh3Q_uvWnxbyfKnK6yUK30vC6EKZdzF-4UEloKpOHfDsS187wj_Rn_t4IsGLUWzVNdYF1MCgFDr30vJ6V4gkTcrNWvRxmUAWvN0MF5JtAxMKHo_wHTh3cWFMPLJOWcFR7/s2400/AutumnLeaf-KSK4.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3std5lFL8z6SPpxzXU8RKmFOt8Okn92aL57Q0bjUkJo9sMEDliEGK51qnh3Q_uvWnxbyfKnK6yUK30vC6EKZdzF-4UEloKpOHfDsS187wj_Rn_t4IsGLUWzVNdYF1MCgFDr30vJ6V4gkTcrNWvRxmUAWvN0MF5JtAxMKHo_wHTh3cWFMPLJOWcFR7/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-KSK4.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">We start with the zodiac sign Capricorn (or <i>Capricornus</i>). Its name is Latin for "horned goat" "having horns like a goat's", and it is commonly represented in the form of a sea goat: a mythical creature that is half goat, half fish, with the head of a goat and the tail of a fish. In astrology, Capricorn is considered an earth sign, negative sign, and is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS2iO-pocIScjCo9-E3EZIg2LA2rUTYLTbPeaZh22Agv-h5kY-uZ0wUSbcO8TBRcZknUvn9FvTgd204k3At9bLeFvsL57tZ6XLFiYpLrlhR_-qOHwMYrJxm_n4lBTc-NYzczJxFBlF19XO2RcUf7Cu2tjzuhF0rPqxIOGwZN_2RGmF3-g-Ksiocjwq/s2400/AutumnLeaf-KSK6.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="2400" data-original-width="1600" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS2iO-pocIScjCo9-E3EZIg2LA2rUTYLTbPeaZh22Agv-h5kY-uZ0wUSbcO8TBRcZknUvn9FvTgd204k3At9bLeFvsL57tZ6XLFiYpLrlhR_-qOHwMYrJxm_n4lBTc-NYzczJxFBlF19XO2RcUf7Cu2tjzuhF0rPqxIOGwZN_2RGmF3-g-Ksiocjwq/w266-h400/AutumnLeaf-KSK6.jpg" width="266" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>An Autumn Leaf ssp ? <i>bisaltide</i> var feeding on the flower of <i>Syzygium sp.</i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Capricorn is the tenth astrological sign in the zodiac. People born between and including <u><b>December 21 to January 19</b></u> belong to this zodiac sign. It is symbolized using the animal ‘goat’ and describes those people who are built for hard work. They are very disciplined, law-abiding and are good managers especially of themselves. They are perfectionists guided by logic and loyal and dependable. However, they are likely to tire themselves out at some point and they can also be rigid and sometimes viewed as obstinate.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiGyzN06HL7H9QUOc6qdqEpgkk9v1W27yN1oTH9Hx4uSGZ32e-6YQp9cgZzHyeEXs1tfMijIqrAeb2ONUWE5xEmRb6xvRHtSt-IVNDdf-1pDGT514pAvpsJwLka0tL6eHs6iJ6pzJNaHXOobnYLfiHmLzlWuUXOE-EWMApI37N_4LaJsx06MAMHg8j/s1600/AutumnLeaf-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiGyzN06HL7H9QUOc6qdqEpgkk9v1W27yN1oTH9Hx4uSGZ32e-6YQp9cgZzHyeEXs1tfMijIqrAeb2ONUWE5xEmRb6xvRHtSt-IVNDdf-1pDGT514pAvpsJwLka0tL6eHs6iJ6pzJNaHXOobnYLfiHmLzlWuUXOE-EWMApI37N_4LaJsx06MAMHg8j/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Our first Butterfly of the Month for the year 2023 is the <b><span style="color: red;">Autumn Leaf</span></b> (<i>Doleschallia bisaltide</i>). The Autumn Leaf occurs in two different subspecies in Singapore, <i>ssp ?bisaltide</i> <i>var.</i>and <i>ssp pratipa</i>. The dominant subspecies, first discovered in Singapore in the early 2000's, is the more common taxon in Singapore, and has moved northwards as far as Selangor in West Malaysia. The peninsular Malaysian subspecies <i>pratipa</i> was last reliably recorded at the Mandai Zoo where an ovipositing female was observed in the wild and the eggs bred to adulthood.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChcakpNI_ejjxQ7ZpD88fRco15o3DKO7dD1-sDmu5d2ZXukqy16FXx4uY52RXHKK686ATKhN8DHPiFbJCgxlSNRRIQnr8RenjUT4CY7VcX5u2U3yMj_r5Ubmt2zKm6n6npOx6Lm-xaTgd4C9dCa3SQDbI9EnuSmfWx67ME8BFL9qhc4mgtwPjnp_0/s2400/AutumnLeafPratipa-KSK1.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChcakpNI_ejjxQ7ZpD88fRco15o3DKO7dD1-sDmu5d2ZXukqy16FXx4uY52RXHKK686ATKhN8DHPiFbJCgxlSNRRIQnr8RenjUT4CY7VcX5u2U3yMj_r5Ubmt2zKm6n6npOx6Lm-xaTgd4C9dCa3SQDbI9EnuSmfWx67ME8BFL9qhc4mgtwPjnp_0/w400-h266/AutumnLeafPratipa-KSK1.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Autumn Leaf ssp <i>pratipa </i>ovipositing on one of its caterpillar host plants at the Mandai Zoo</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcT70PIRtjdaqSi_2qrXIQTSfqeIRKP8F8e3PNM-BQSixDLeyF8G64ScpfDzA9x4gf6b1fJi64Zu8afy8mer4jhf3ylhBfonhi7YPRUVaUvUMpD-ttGINLmdFQyLhFfm2-GNUZQPZ6wq0YOYnXeHKxeCqwzn2EK9csyaVe8fq7wpmgNDhP75vumB6f/s1000/AutumnLeafCat.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcT70PIRtjdaqSi_2qrXIQTSfqeIRKP8F8e3PNM-BQSixDLeyF8G64ScpfDzA9x4gf6b1fJi64Zu8afy8mer4jhf3ylhBfonhi7YPRUVaUvUMpD-ttGINLmdFQyLhFfm2-GNUZQPZ6wq0YOYnXeHKxeCqwzn2EK9csyaVe8fq7wpmgNDhP75vumB6f/w400-h266/AutumnLeafCat.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Caterpillar of Autumn Leaf ssp <i>pratipa</i></b></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hPqYEf0Z-ruUrocEpv26QuEt73mT1V5-jXn_83PKoWiqunY6xuJv4GBhGlxBv2fIZzss10yqZHzu0fHSy9rVruTOrzGr0ev_t3GQe1IeF90gWeYDsn5FXbpFgi6O5wGyIOk7hjqWILUyY7yPpJxlZGfPweRZjZyS3766T60yKuzO83l4XFr-LQd2/s2400/AutumnLeaf-KSK1a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hPqYEf0Z-ruUrocEpv26QuEt73mT1V5-jXn_83PKoWiqunY6xuJv4GBhGlxBv2fIZzss10yqZHzu0fHSy9rVruTOrzGr0ev_t3GQe1IeF90gWeYDsn5FXbpFgi6O5wGyIOk7hjqWILUyY7yPpJxlZGfPweRZjZyS3766T60yKuzO83l4XFr-LQd2/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-KSK1a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Female Autumn Leaf ssp ?<i>bisaltide</i> var.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbED1QBl7_qWZiFffDuNeeplEUMLqXRUyjeF4a_WxbL8dTrK9rVVx65_ItRoO8wg3ajM-O6DRZp9EyCDy9ox7HrGkEAeF57cQK51LMAaBdJ5nIjQpxo0EIk0TJCamaOn_SDShz92PuTzKl_6kUQnZe74i-MMlvIK87Fv9_D6fPFA-2hetgRDO-Nj-7/s1280/AutumnLeafCat2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbED1QBl7_qWZiFffDuNeeplEUMLqXRUyjeF4a_WxbL8dTrK9rVVx65_ItRoO8wg3ajM-O6DRZp9EyCDy9ox7HrGkEAeF57cQK51LMAaBdJ5nIjQpxo0EIk0TJCamaOn_SDShz92PuTzKl_6kUQnZe74i-MMlvIK87Fv9_D6fPFA-2hetgRDO-Nj-7/w400-h266/AutumnLeafCat2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Caterpillar of Autumn Leaf ssp <i>?bisaltide</i> var.</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Although the dominant subspecies in Singapore differs from ssp <i>pratipa </i>in having five small white spots on the black apex of the forewing above, it is difficult to separate the two subspecies in the field. However, their caterpillars show significant difference in the orange-red spots at the base of the lateral scoli in ssp ?<i>bisaltide </i>var. and are absent in ssp <i>pratipa</i>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz7gt5uUWWMRGMryFKh19J44SxWHXTCj8cBa7RGepPG0G1nk5Xp5vxbEV8PqWXi7cSee9onUoQLmSWv0vZ6QYf8q2E9-280-ZeW7ZrzZ75nRDYtubBpS_Kcli07_AWPLqN-F8_hh-WrYkDFvJ8b_iXFvDvu17-RECLbMQSY-LkUeOS23PCPC_uLVX_/s2000/AutumnLeaf-LMY3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz7gt5uUWWMRGMryFKh19J44SxWHXTCj8cBa7RGepPG0G1nk5Xp5vxbEV8PqWXi7cSee9onUoQLmSWv0vZ6QYf8q2E9-280-ZeW7ZrzZ75nRDYtubBpS_Kcli07_AWPLqN-F8_hh-WrYkDFvJ8b_iXFvDvu17-RECLbMQSY-LkUeOS23PCPC_uLVX_/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-LMY3.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTAGwGLJpHtxDE-B45ve__fu-rMTTnPQe0SAupzq3tfDcUYmpl1FMBWNMovYK4egsprZ61-lMIFLd4rgyaU3F9DXG684n68Xc7D9XKstMobyrL4eTK2NfACFcTstTvCusXN-MNklhaOP6EYT49LajkNatzhZIVxiU5WOWDOC26dSlxmY-esxX1DmH/s2400/AutumnLeafPratipa-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTAGwGLJpHtxDE-B45ve__fu-rMTTnPQe0SAupzq3tfDcUYmpl1FMBWNMovYK4egsprZ61-lMIFLd4rgyaU3F9DXG684n68Xc7D9XKstMobyrL4eTK2NfACFcTstTvCusXN-MNklhaOP6EYT49LajkNatzhZIVxiU5WOWDOC26dSlxmY-esxX1DmH/w400-h266/AutumnLeafPratipa-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Top : Upperside of Autumn Leaf ssp <i>pratipa</i> Bottom : Underside of Autumn Leaf ssp ?<i>bisaltide</i> var</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoS0Tq0OLf7_B-WZKVBU4C0MrnBsXCr8mUt5nq9EI5QrEx3nQ1rkxTCWg1QxV2GO6dMtGwB5V8M6X4IBXC2tRUNDaC065F_df9cY_iqC2fEXe1l07gIpVCa3mwDA2Kavic9OwrwO2mYsKT99D_Z0fg9ViRnbcdf51M96vNIUdd6d04Re5gnBw5Vxiz/s2000/AutumnLeaf-KSK8.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoS0Tq0OLf7_B-WZKVBU4C0MrnBsXCr8mUt5nq9EI5QrEx3nQ1rkxTCWg1QxV2GO6dMtGwB5V8M6X4IBXC2tRUNDaC065F_df9cY_iqC2fEXe1l07gIpVCa3mwDA2Kavic9OwrwO2mYsKT99D_Z0fg9ViRnbcdf51M96vNIUdd6d04Re5gnBw5Vxiz/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-KSK8.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1WJvHYL0nslXze--w_2EkN4rpZmXhUZUBr5CrR2PE4BQL1UqLynM5PWM5ZA7lQRLw38lUEXLLaXIx4UOM9NVE5NSGaf0Er42TQtXqksqonIlX2lzHm1atHDK6no5jH--A0TQQSVjKO6v-tUS6wXg2khsMveud32OEznmdHvqdTjc2e3zISBQs8zaT/s2400/bcd850-AutumnLeaf3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1WJvHYL0nslXze--w_2EkN4rpZmXhUZUBr5CrR2PE4BQL1UqLynM5PWM5ZA7lQRLw38lUEXLLaXIx4UOM9NVE5NSGaf0Er42TQtXqksqonIlX2lzHm1atHDK6no5jH--A0TQQSVjKO6v-tUS6wXg2khsMveud32OEznmdHvqdTjc2e3zISBQs8zaT/w400-h266/bcd850-AutumnLeaf3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Top : Upperside of Autumn Leaf ssp. ? <i>bisaltide </i>var. Bottom : Underside of Autumn Leaf ssp. ?<i> bisaltide </i>var</b></span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The upperside of the Autumn Leaf is orange-brown with the forewing apex broadly blackened. The subspecies ?<i>bisaltide</i> var. features the prominent five small subapical white spots on the forewing above, which is absent in subspecies <i>pratipa</i>. The underside is highly variable with the ground colour ranging from greyish-brown to mauve-brown. The patterns on the underside are so variable that it is not easy to find two specimens which are completely identical markings.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggwPNx0m65hDuj71RMchfEI-RLu3udpvPmrNWo0UouqXCcqUNRdA8EHrfUof0K08flmlEVmKdV7uBBxnYNUEEpex2AdApG6ImtQ81VpdRQhYF3cIe58J7zR5ZZklqfvEjqhdv6CY17OLHp7LLY1VuEdIn6YCYDD1I5qFOKSPcNj7ZiLePciy_0rZoc/s1600/AutumnLeaf-KSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggwPNx0m65hDuj71RMchfEI-RLu3udpvPmrNWo0UouqXCcqUNRdA8EHrfUof0K08flmlEVmKdV7uBBxnYNUEEpex2AdApG6ImtQ81VpdRQhYF3cIe58J7zR5ZZklqfvEjqhdv6CY17OLHp7LLY1VuEdIn6YCYDD1I5qFOKSPcNj7ZiLePciy_0rZoc/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-KSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Underside of a male Autumn Leaf ssp ?<i>bisaltide</i> var</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Males of the subspecies ?<i>bisaltide</i> var. feature large prominent white spots on the underside of both wings, whilst females are generally more orange-brown with less distinct markings. The leaf-like pattern of the underside of the Autumn Leaf is an excellent camouflage. The tornus of the hindwing is produced to a tail, resembling a leaf stalk, and when the butterfly is at rest with closed wings amongst dead foliage, it is hard to spot.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8LX5QI3jbTtQXZeciQd7b6LjH6a-wb1_Uz10AM1UhWmkUjra197FmUZYI984XoSysQUFQNc-NqXE7C2wb_eHQk33xi6axq3i2RtacwVBo516zqpwvduf4eXxrwkaV57CFVJdIDKR_aqqsnrUXWi5tFbCz7jK-G3RPiaiv9vDa1IyG7ZLKho3UdS0X/s600/AutumnLeaf-AntW.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8LX5QI3jbTtQXZeciQd7b6LjH6a-wb1_Uz10AM1UhWmkUjra197FmUZYI984XoSysQUFQNc-NqXE7C2wb_eHQk33xi6axq3i2RtacwVBo516zqpwvduf4eXxrwkaV57CFVJdIDKR_aqqsnrUXWi5tFbCz7jK-G3RPiaiv9vDa1IyG7ZLKho3UdS0X/w400-h266/AutumnLeaf-AntW.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Upperside of a male Autumn Leaf ssp ? <i>bisaltide </i>var puddling at a sandy streambank</b></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Autumn Leaf has a strong flight, and is usually skittish and hard to approach. However, it is often observed feeding at flowers. Males are also regularly seen puddling at muddy footpaths and damp sandbanks where they can be approached for a closer look. As with most species of the Nymphalidae family, the forelegs are underdeveloped and the butterfly perches on the mid- and hind legs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_g93WuAcf5ohJasppeGUgah5qhFs7OqaeHHI-zUngor74yV-QL-jwLk6L_gEplfPrRPL5h1ZvhbRw9oNyHRaH7K2a__fovdMIu9hR9VulRtCXiwSdPWcVVj8denvK3ZBCAxUxY67fVxYW_Wb6GtXNN8QjFxMTQg8QuK9_fOyfAjwKhylwBgL8veN/s2400/AutumnLeafPratipa-KSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_g93WuAcf5ohJasppeGUgah5qhFs7OqaeHHI-zUngor74yV-QL-jwLk6L_gEplfPrRPL5h1ZvhbRw9oNyHRaH7K2a__fovdMIu9hR9VulRtCXiwSdPWcVVj8denvK3ZBCAxUxY67fVxYW_Wb6GtXNN8QjFxMTQg8QuK9_fOyfAjwKhylwBgL8veN/w400-h266/AutumnLeafPratipa-KSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Underside of a male Autumn Leaf ssp <i>pratipa</i></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The caterpillars of both subspecies feed on a variety of host plants, ranging from <i>Asystasia gangetica</i> (Acanthaceae), <i>Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum</i> (Acanthaceae), <i>Pseuderanthemum carruthersii</i> var. <i>reticulatum</i> (Acanthaceae), and is likely to feed on other host plants in the Acanthaceae family as well. The status of the two subspecies is a good potential for further taxonomic and genetic research to establish with greater clarity in future.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Khew SK, Loh MY, Loke PF, Horace Tan and Anthony Wong</span></b></div>
Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-18192427415099628042022-12-31T22:33:00.004+08:002022-12-31T22:50:10.340+08:00Butterfly of the Month - December 2022<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - December 2022</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Barred Line Blue</span> (<i>Prosotas aluta nanda</i>)</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEABQOoa47mMdfkgSCbzdftNfewYDSNcvb4x7YEokwyJV4gMCnKPeb2ctrWlhLRKaHkyIR_k-zgRPuPcxU2TDy9LbycMIIXQ9V4MaAbfoqWyfTf9yebQTIXMf2Yzj0yrKJ-gs_WT23rcvUcjQ1zxHbsnwBWqD7UJqc3jlMqOgx5BbHrvZN69faTtAQ/s2400/bcd850-BarredLineBlue2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEABQOoa47mMdfkgSCbzdftNfewYDSNcvb4x7YEokwyJV4gMCnKPeb2ctrWlhLRKaHkyIR_k-zgRPuPcxU2TDy9LbycMIIXQ9V4MaAbfoqWyfTf9yebQTIXMf2Yzj0yrKJ-gs_WT23rcvUcjQ1zxHbsnwBWqD7UJqc3jlMqOgx5BbHrvZN69faTtAQ/w400-h266/bcd850-BarredLineBlue2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A Barred Line Blue on tiptoe puddling at a sandy streambank in the nature reserves of Singapore</span></b></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">December and Christmas Day 2022 have come and gone, and we are in the final hours of a tumultuous year that is probably best remembered for its unprecedented upheavals in world events. For most countries, 2022, the third year of the Covid19 pandemic, was all about opening up, living with Covid and dealing with other more pressing livelihood issues like inflation, rising rents and interest rates and escalating costs of daily essentials.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib1i2mwynp4vlyd-1xwPkIFA4f9dJ6lnwG7nDZYGsTQ7Idgan-awmc4TM0al9XOI9mqYXKkGbeQZJ-1M8_Kw_KvgblD3krIAQhoE7zGNkBGZO02WvQHwMRWjEOyNosknkwgzu6BdR2lym54XUcMCYJ483snSK44oJWuc66CoO32759g5fa9Wo4XPzZ/s1659/BarredLineBlue-LJK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1106" data-original-width="1659" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib1i2mwynp4vlyd-1xwPkIFA4f9dJ6lnwG7nDZYGsTQ7Idgan-awmc4TM0al9XOI9mqYXKkGbeQZJ-1M8_Kw_KvgblD3krIAQhoE7zGNkBGZO02WvQHwMRWjEOyNosknkwgzu6BdR2lym54XUcMCYJ483snSK44oJWuc66CoO32759g5fa9Wo4XPzZ/w400-h266/BarredLineBlue-LJK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjpP9LfjptA_KuotHXbpfxAJbqZ7IfcqMyoiDv5if_G-8f12k-MKrK6OIWR9jQ6Es8J62JXks3DsZZ5nJ2Psloi5OmKfA_JUeLLcLvz2KXqgLdzLbDpjjKgoq3_jbTMEtup0WfTDyDywbakP0Ut-B91rRzzXlUzNdY3rzMpEmo_-X9UsDHbTN_fwqA/s2000/BarredLineBlue-ZickSoh.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1542" data-original-width="2000" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjpP9LfjptA_KuotHXbpfxAJbqZ7IfcqMyoiDv5if_G-8f12k-MKrK6OIWR9jQ6Es8J62JXks3DsZZ5nJ2Psloi5OmKfA_JUeLLcLvz2KXqgLdzLbDpjjKgoq3_jbTMEtup0WfTDyDywbakP0Ut-B91rRzzXlUzNdY3rzMpEmo_-X9UsDHbTN_fwqA/w400-h309/BarredLineBlue-ZickSoh.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Countries like Ukraine had to face the spectre of war sufferings and the painful uncertainty of when life would go back to a peaceful existence without the fear of getting one's home bombed out. After almost a year, it would appear that the war will continue, despite efforts for peaceful negotiations and sanctions imposed on Russia. It is likely that hostilities will continue into 2023 with neither side willing to call a truce. And human lives will continue to be sacrificed in the name of sovereignty.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYHGVG-YuGYuqwVdCDpOpOXnDyc2_2vAou-TWMDJFs6wxgfeRWUVxxXsjkA_SSFO5mckykWnjAIL55MAitbLNgw7EkpW6N3ufWozcEvRmFDq30Ydc2dNfDX6sup_uaiOhBbm0TLJijjns_hssDiETaqiIZDQDF8dTQeyGFx2w31damO9yrd8ApRmwc/s1662/BarredLineBlue-KohCH.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1422" data-original-width="1662" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYHGVG-YuGYuqwVdCDpOpOXnDyc2_2vAou-TWMDJFs6wxgfeRWUVxxXsjkA_SSFO5mckykWnjAIL55MAitbLNgw7EkpW6N3ufWozcEvRmFDq30Ydc2dNfDX6sup_uaiOhBbm0TLJijjns_hssDiETaqiIZDQDF8dTQeyGFx2w31damO9yrd8ApRmwc/w400-h343/BarredLineBlue-KohCH.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtoYY81EUFyh_91bktimadxTB2aadxkxKVEm8z45BsWclJapPFoGSzlgIDAB3H_HYToaLwFux8RKTUHcEq-a2Rj4dCnQ3k1MH8L9Lii-9gM3KYs4KpDccW3dShbdftBbPMr23x2VZIu6_b0WAjueEm-dvScsXeG-F0y-rplTm_T0sehl32X-HkS_KC/s2000/BarredLineBlue-HCJ.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtoYY81EUFyh_91bktimadxTB2aadxkxKVEm8z45BsWclJapPFoGSzlgIDAB3H_HYToaLwFux8RKTUHcEq-a2Rj4dCnQ3k1MH8L9Lii-9gM3KYs4KpDccW3dShbdftBbPMr23x2VZIu6_b0WAjueEm-dvScsXeG-F0y-rplTm_T0sehl32X-HkS_KC/w400-h266/BarredLineBlue-HCJ.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">China's Zero-Covid management began to crack under the pressure of public protests and the prospects of further damage to their already battered economy in the coming year. A much-awaited announcement of opening up and removing quarantine requirements lent some cheer and optimism to the Chinese in late December. It is probably the last large economy to announce that it was finally willing to "live with Covid" and get on with life, like the rest of the world had already done so for most part of 2022.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMYc5JKx4DwplTiqQePyh_fmuExyCP0PuCtm57lfz-s4TQWifuxv_T0TIrC-8L1PJGDop3LJgdW-CbaufdXgqgWG6Z1JN3L__C2Tj3mQ-Cgj5ppl5eDMH7dsetwdGhfuY6nkWzN7bVf09-ghukOibsoddBJTynd8aIDjuv09OqoTdhV0u1KGxFBe1e/s2000/BarredLineBlue-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMYc5JKx4DwplTiqQePyh_fmuExyCP0PuCtm57lfz-s4TQWifuxv_T0TIrC-8L1PJGDop3LJgdW-CbaufdXgqgWG6Z1JN3L__C2Tj3mQ-Cgj5ppl5eDMH7dsetwdGhfuY6nkWzN7bVf09-ghukOibsoddBJTynd8aIDjuv09OqoTdhV0u1KGxFBe1e/w400-h266/BarredLineBlue-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWO40pBJ9u1RQZio5gDWSjNbSaxzbU87T4fZIhMSmImSVQx_dJRFQxWI5vVMKIss_50WrHbItnD_rCx-lotjKdMfC06K9crGyCUa__OFs9y6e8Bz89mgGLhj59j50Afy51jdKIMYFLkFK5Trud_1udVObSv31FnvyjwY2swJ_EJzCepSqfaGlzkH-6/s2000/BarredLineBlue-LohMY.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWO40pBJ9u1RQZio5gDWSjNbSaxzbU87T4fZIhMSmImSVQx_dJRFQxWI5vVMKIss_50WrHbItnD_rCx-lotjKdMfC06K9crGyCUa__OFs9y6e8Bz89mgGLhj59j50Afy51jdKIMYFLkFK5Trud_1udVObSv31FnvyjwY2swJ_EJzCepSqfaGlzkH-6/w400-h266/BarredLineBlue-LohMY.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For soccer fans around the world, World Cup 2022 in Qatar was a nice distraction from the daily dose of news of unhappy happenings all around the world. This must be the first time the World Cup had to be held at this time of the year instead of during the summer months. In the harsh climate of the Arab world which comprises mainly low-lying deserts, it would have been unbearable to hold the matches in the scorching summer temperatures that exceed 40 degC. Argentina were crowned the champions after winning the final against the title holder France 4–2 on penalties following a 3–3 draw after extra time.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEvcNd04a7U6a3HFtslIfP3gKNj6Z0Sv6c7wJJ-sDgwzf25n0ytvpb_Fg7YIZP0U1nSG2tjGkFsm1HH-wxsBuLMaywRWUYuNZFFM2E2wxGZulV_4dxYxAlarQ4e_EHSi-KJQtoGEvSk0EcqiQz_qZl8c5ZdHe2OTs6s-FDf-kDtIvr9l1mpDLAfu4l/s850/Prosotasaluta-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="850" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEvcNd04a7U6a3HFtslIfP3gKNj6Z0Sv6c7wJJ-sDgwzf25n0ytvpb_Fg7YIZP0U1nSG2tjGkFsm1HH-wxsBuLMaywRWUYuNZFFM2E2wxGZulV_4dxYxAlarQ4e_EHSi-KJQtoGEvSk0EcqiQz_qZl8c5ZdHe2OTs6s-FDf-kDtIvr9l1mpDLAfu4l/w400-h266/Prosotasaluta-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Our Butterfly of the Month for December 2022, and to close out the year, is the recently-discovered Lycaenidae - The <span style="color: red;"><b>Barred Line Blue</b></span> (<i>Prosotas aluta nanda</i>). Records show that the earliest photographed individual of this species in Singapore dates back to Feb 2008. However, it was not validated until more sightings and photographic records of this species were available in recent years. The Barred Line Blue was not listed in the checklists of the early reference authors and hence recorded as a "non-native" species.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim3hyL_3LAdeStvTx7K-6CH4SgTHD-9ubX07ItBa9p1T6iKuxUPJcvPzDU846r2U_OXhnlN2pENdbZCUZVaV950sJx4zmZLbGDFYrHk6ws4TIyvII8hbzgPUBKYAr70xRueJHEWXr3KppRt62HwBKfejEPE-zZ70K6I0EoXhPwoKnuJdt4EJ4enPau/s1363/BarredLineBlue-LJK.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="909" data-original-width="1363" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim3hyL_3LAdeStvTx7K-6CH4SgTHD-9ubX07ItBa9p1T6iKuxUPJcvPzDU846r2U_OXhnlN2pENdbZCUZVaV950sJx4zmZLbGDFYrHk6ws4TIyvII8hbzgPUBKYAr70xRueJHEWXr3KppRt62HwBKfejEPE-zZ70K6I0EoXhPwoKnuJdt4EJ4enPau/w400-h266/BarredLineBlue-LJK.jpg" width="450" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBB9eF2G5VlGjlj5_UJg9Nf3o01xRbj2YycBrF83XrXbkL1X051R3WK_vPZeM_LkwVO4ZzcOXtP7vD2JwGkKSUec0jolXzq-2WKaVrWFI2S34wavf_zQ5MjNk6VbP49FTj8GhJEk5MZDouGAHwSdYCutrUiDRLdqLxTCtKavV65gKXNCWptDWsw0rC/s2048/BarredLineBlue-AaronSoh.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1434" data-original-width="2048" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBB9eF2G5VlGjlj5_UJg9Nf3o01xRbj2YycBrF83XrXbkL1X051R3WK_vPZeM_LkwVO4ZzcOXtP7vD2JwGkKSUec0jolXzq-2WKaVrWFI2S34wavf_zQ5MjNk6VbP49FTj8GhJEk5MZDouGAHwSdYCutrUiDRLdqLxTCtKavV65gKXNCWptDWsw0rC/w400-h280/BarredLineBlue-AaronSoh.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhecKQIT7_-FXhtmRUZhpNgC0TDuTZed2hh5femhnE4UnKQ3WZ1GiCuZbXFmfeKw-tMSg1b6B1aqzUkuzItAtLnmoP8szF61exPDghkMGDlyEEUyecVpwGw6Cia7zjT0kBUY2wpNmXfOZzybTzCmFkY1ZxVkjEVqnbwuKJy4-pry869wdLodqerweZM/s1200/BarredLineBlue-LokePF.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhecKQIT7_-FXhtmRUZhpNgC0TDuTZed2hh5femhnE4UnKQ3WZ1GiCuZbXFmfeKw-tMSg1b6B1aqzUkuzItAtLnmoP8szF61exPDghkMGDlyEEUyecVpwGw6Cia7zjT0kBUY2wpNmXfOZzybTzCmFkY1ZxVkjEVqnbwuKJy4-pry869wdLodqerweZM/w400-h266/BarredLineBlue-LokePF.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">With its non-remarkable grey undersides and white striae, the Barred Line Blue may have been missed or mistaken as one of the lookalike <i>Nacaduba </i>cousins that are extant in Singapore. Its resemblance to several of the more common Six Line Blues may have caused it to be missed by the early authors. This species has been more often encountered puddling at muddy streambanks than at flowering plants. Females are presumably much rarer.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjto5P_5hkzAIEGkwR0IljzeexaJnyWkvePV2ynI9B95_bACubA0LenSmliBDL97QynivPixCDSqoLly_Cvx2GVayutY9d1dg6Hr0dpFYONZ3LywjO5P5WXTsTL_6bhZ_jhyuSIidnC2Wx1E5XqIU20iX6G9f2dw-E1ZDj3zJ4Ib8XB713p-R8DyD4l/s850/Prosotasaluta-KSK3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="850" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjto5P_5hkzAIEGkwR0IljzeexaJnyWkvePV2ynI9B95_bACubA0LenSmliBDL97QynivPixCDSqoLly_Cvx2GVayutY9d1dg6Hr0dpFYONZ3LywjO5P5WXTsTL_6bhZ_jhyuSIidnC2Wx1E5XqIU20iX6G9f2dw-E1ZDj3zJ4Ib8XB713p-R8DyD4l/w400-h266/Prosotasaluta-KSK3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The male Barred Line Blue is blue on the upperside whilst the female has wide brown borders with a pale bluish-green patch on the forewing. The eyes are jet-black and opaque and the eyes and palpi are particularly hairy. The body of the antennae are black-and-white, with the clubbed end of each antennae white tipped.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6CXKJmpQOvbwypH6bLkDV-Bg2D7d_Vzfj_HhwFIbvR53_XL55SsfG9oUurfKYkCq0am9eXqEEy4_CHHELyzjiwWW01svjp9hy_6jO5ZxeDUTp2pk_gYhZ0vnC_3sH_ts5iSq1SCIfbyeJUpRbiB6hsvM_I5PZIitaxcuZB5EfYqXIsz5SJSKEyAwz/s2400/BarredLineBlue-KSK5.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6CXKJmpQOvbwypH6bLkDV-Bg2D7d_Vzfj_HhwFIbvR53_XL55SsfG9oUurfKYkCq0am9eXqEEy4_CHHELyzjiwWW01svjp9hy_6jO5ZxeDUTp2pk_gYhZ0vnC_3sH_ts5iSq1SCIfbyeJUpRbiB6hsvM_I5PZIitaxcuZB5EfYqXIsz5SJSKEyAwz/w400-h266/BarredLineBlue-KSK5.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The diagnostic feature of the Barred Line Blue is the post-discal striae in space 3 of the forewing below. This striae is shifted slightly towards the base of the wing compared to its adjacent striae in spaces 2 and 4. The hindwing has a black white-tipped filamentous tail emerging from vein 2. The orange-crowned black tornal spot on the hindwing is large and prominent.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiqwJLwY4_oxO1quNonepMepmygO9aNR7uuyKpjuMuGwPO4TqjPC081x5DEajwVyV5_Ohz_LHFZ-sIWMP4Qbf5YbPujlPAIgu75HxRZiX7iL3IaanTbJ2pSlNzBbZ3gVwvK01K4wqtUGJDWICAqmhM95TzHoeuEi0zE1tUB1ZIrWMGicMoWXys-oF5/s2000/BarredLineBlue-KSK3a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiqwJLwY4_oxO1quNonepMepmygO9aNR7uuyKpjuMuGwPO4TqjPC081x5DEajwVyV5_Ohz_LHFZ-sIWMP4Qbf5YbPujlPAIgu75HxRZiX7iL3IaanTbJ2pSlNzBbZ3gVwvK01K4wqtUGJDWICAqmhM95TzHoeuEi0zE1tUB1ZIrWMGicMoWXys-oF5/w400-h266/BarredLineBlue-KSK3a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj99qg_rpu1zcZN7VbemuijBFapFDBZY0IvDziqhLeTuWb46F1rd1-wSSvIRmqu2z2JZjggeAbh6MNHs6lW0Wxeu1GPlg55xjsgD5XaihcQZ4smT4_knxNfjVqIn7qCPE9dz3j7Ak5EfGxbAQQ1RbSxctZw52oS928omIPMEQZyAXgA3vAgpSauNcIB/s850/Prosotasaluta-MarkW.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="850" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj99qg_rpu1zcZN7VbemuijBFapFDBZY0IvDziqhLeTuWb46F1rd1-wSSvIRmqu2z2JZjggeAbh6MNHs6lW0Wxeu1GPlg55xjsgD5XaihcQZ4smT4_knxNfjVqIn7qCPE9dz3j7Ak5EfGxbAQQ1RbSxctZw52oS928omIPMEQZyAXgA3vAgpSauNcIB/w400-h266/Prosotasaluta-MarkW.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Barred Line Blue has a quick erratic flight and is usually skittish, as is the case with the other species in the <i>Prosotas </i>and <i>Nacaduba</i> genera. Thus far, most of the sightings of this species have been in the forested nature reserves, and more often, males are encountered puddling at sandy streambanks on hot sunny days, usually attracted to decomposing animal matter or excretions. Other sightings are of the butterfly feeding on flowering plants at the edges or within the forested nature reserves.<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">On this final day of 2022, I would like to wish all our readers from all over the world a Happy New Year 2023 and May all your Butterfly Wishes come true in the year ahead! </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Huang CJ, Khew SK, Koh CH, Loh MY, Loke PF, Low JK, Aaron Soh, Zick Soh and Mark Wong</span></b></div>
Commanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03035224272922037277noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-82417708830152363432022-12-18T15:20:00.010+08:002022-12-19T09:32:49.651+08:00Life History of the Influent Royal<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Life History of the <span style="color: red;">Influent Royal</span> (<i>Tajuria dominus dominus</i>)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b><u>Butterfly Biodata:</u> </b><!----><br />
<b>Genus: </b><i>Tajuria</i> Moore, 1881<br />
<b>Species: </b><i>dominus </i>Druce, 1895 <br />
<b>Subspecies:</b><i> dominus </i>Hewitson, 1878<br />
<b>Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: </b>26-30mm <br />
<b>Caterpillar Local Host Plant: </b><i>Dendropthoe pentandra</i> (Loranthaceae, common name: Malayan
Mistleoe).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Physical Description of Adult Butterfly: </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
The eyes are greenish. On the <b> upperside</b>, the male is bright blue with black distal borders on both forewing and hindwing; the female is pale blue with black borders. On the forewing, the male has a large circular black patch near end-cell while the black border in the female is narrower, reaching near cell apex. On the <b>underside</b>, both sexes are drab greyish brown with a postdiscal series of white-edged dark striae on both wings, and a series of indistinct dark marginal and sub-marginal fasciae. The post-discal band is closer to the cell than to the termen. In the hindwing, black tornal spots are present in spaces 1a and 2, and a large blush green patch is present in space 1b between the tornal spots. Adjacent to these featues in spaces 1a to 2, a prominent and broad orange patch extends inwards to touching the postdiscal straie, as well as upwards into space 3 and downwards into space 1. Each hindwing has a pair of white-tipped black tails at ends of veins 1b and 2. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Field Observations: </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The Influent Royal is rare in Singapore. It was re-discovered in 2006 at an urban garden. Since then, sporadic sightings of this species have mostly taken place at the fringe of nature reserve as well as several urban residential areas. The fast-flying adults have a preference for resting at treetop level and rarely descend except to feed on flowering plants. </span>
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>Early Stages:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"> In Singapore, thus far only one larval host plant has been confirmed. This local larval host is the Malayan Mistletoe (<i>Dendropthoe pentandra</i>),the most common mistletoe in Singapore. On this plant, the early stages of the Influent Royal feed on the young leaves and young stem, with a strong preference for the latter in later instars.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Local host plant: <i>Dendropthoe pentandra</i> (Malayan
Mistletoe).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Eggs are laid singly on the young shoots of the host plant. Each egg is about 0.7mm in diameter, white with a strong greenish tinge when freshly laid. It is bun-shaped with a depressed micropylar at the pole and a surface reticulated with polygonal depressions. Short spikes raised from the ridges encircling these depressions. </span><!----><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">An Influent Royal laying an egg on a young leaf of the Malayan Mistletoe.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVEXBvgS9BPKwdNl7wY0UApAml3JlxlYzhQZBCQhY9FfWqh5mCBlZVqJmTLd3hBdYgaJ1CpUzr3xLznVbYNWbRzN4K94EMBaV29Er3_l1F12LS3eK2VGOOumTyNFO1TMkyV-AtcdRCC5Z1sTrvYrw5hSTs4CaMfK7IiGU-IpUDn9pTRMD2ajDUQrM_/s1800/Tajuria_dominus_egg_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVEXBvgS9BPKwdNl7wY0UApAml3JlxlYzhQZBCQhY9FfWqh5mCBlZVqJmTLd3hBdYgaJ1CpUzr3xLznVbYNWbRzN4K94EMBaV29Er3_l1F12LS3eK2VGOOumTyNFO1TMkyV-AtcdRCC5Z1sTrvYrw5hSTs4CaMfK7IiGU-IpUDn9pTRMD2ajDUQrM_/s400/Tajuria_dominus_egg_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two vlews of an egg of the Influent Royal.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a fully developed egg with the caterpillar ready to emerge.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
It takes about 3 days for the egg to hatch. The young
caterpillar consumes just enough of the egg shell to emerge. It is pale
yellowish brown in coloration, and has a length of about 1.1mm. Long setae (hairs)
run along the length of the body dorsally as well as sub-spiracularly.
Raised dorsal tubercles are transparent. The body also features a diamond-shaped pale brown prothoracic shield and a pale brown anal plate. As it grows in this instar, the body ground colour turns whitish gradually.
The 1st instar lasts about
3 days with the body length increased to about 2.3mm.
</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly hatched caterpillar next to its empty egg shell.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly hatched caterpillar, length: 1.1mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 1st instar caterpillar, length: 1.5mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhluJvoP1ZFXG6U4wna0Z7VBoHlP46R4aZlknsDyEE4KgmD8zdSXXVagsOwFVmr2x7cy_NV9A1nvi9TORhEhzFKSHdULpCdfHAW1Bwtjgekd1e0Gix95LpAK41QswTkdF2MAbj_Brx0gB8g2DNy844Ss64heb7HgEs09rIfpqKtiNDerPRys2BIa8-J/s800/TD_L1_late_2p3mm_1800x.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhluJvoP1ZFXG6U4wna0Z7VBoHlP46R4aZlknsDyEE4KgmD8zdSXXVagsOwFVmr2x7cy_NV9A1nvi9TORhEhzFKSHdULpCdfHAW1Bwtjgekd1e0Gix95LpAK41QswTkdF2MAbj_Brx0gB8g2DNy844Ss64heb7HgEs09rIfpqKtiNDerPRys2BIa8-J/s400/TD_L1_late_2p3mm_1800x.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A late 1st instar caterpillar of the Influent Royal, dormant prior to the moult to the next instar. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">In the 2nd instar caterpillar, the dorsal tubercles are proportionately reduced in size,
and the long dorsal setae seen in the 1st instar are now absent. Initially, the body is adorned with streaks of pale and diffused yellowish markings against a whitish ground colour. Pale brown prothoracic shield and anal plate are present. The dorsal nectary organ is also featured on the dorsum of the 7th abdominal segment. As it grows in this instar, the yellowish markings gradually lose prominence and the body takes on a greenish undertone. The 2nd instar lasts for about 3 days, with the body length reaching up to 4.7mm. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI_MFkG4hLdRTpieIde2tH_bb3PUFp0-rVJKm_ulPRpRKzLIi55eP-sxujTl2jDkbfGfIWsVw7mrsy4do2U4_NgYc5fPR8N6ibGhKNSwwJpb3Wuhzr85G2ApK39jcJhEYwxhtMXSNK3krisSpOtT_I8vSQWHMQM6DbxhBqwsbbCETsz6HL57aYJeXO/s800/TD_L2_early.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI_MFkG4hLdRTpieIde2tH_bb3PUFp0-rVJKm_ulPRpRKzLIi55eP-sxujTl2jDkbfGfIWsVw7mrsy4do2U4_NgYc5fPR8N6ibGhKNSwwJpb3Wuhzr85G2ApK39jcJhEYwxhtMXSNK3krisSpOtT_I8vSQWHMQM6DbxhBqwsbbCETsz6HL57aYJeXO/s400/TD_L2_early.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly moulted 2nd instar caterpillar, eating its
old skin.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar of the Influent Royal, early in this instar, length: 2.5mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3qg38NAF4-PZWuKlRAhyerZbsyy7qUf4HyVt8RLbRdHzLgWxcUsKDG9fbKmbYOmb5KP8vIcohSdyDnSll_9UK_K1lqZV4K5RpHMjdvvVNvT3gvIaxZP6xskUiWYhWaw5NTTTc_jjOJ2E32lpEG0io_KMoE8ypTR4qcEUFOGoIpNOdB8Umt3Y8Vmac/s800/TD_L2_4p6mm__002.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3qg38NAF4-PZWuKlRAhyerZbsyy7qUf4HyVt8RLbRdHzLgWxcUsKDG9fbKmbYOmb5KP8vIcohSdyDnSll_9UK_K1lqZV4K5RpHMjdvvVNvT3gvIaxZP6xskUiWYhWaw5NTTTc_jjOJ2E32lpEG0io_KMoE8ypTR4qcEUFOGoIpNOdB8Umt3Y8Vmac/s400/TD_L2_4p6mm__002.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of 2nd instar caterpillar of the Influent Royal, late in this instar, length:4.6mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjypKNhDbqAI_xma8h2VcekCqublTR7nM8_IzAYungiakzVU_koqBmRAnulQgjxiT0eI8PUThUcnkcDYm0vjXBCQftZeLpdu6W9aIt_pgnW_3P7cY1iH0LixdDRzwG83O_Ji5Dqgyiz42HLtRSxF7OeEQxbSWxQHF54qfIgLphDmtbYbHytCPdrNW1/s710/TD_L2_late.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="710" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjypKNhDbqAI_xma8h2VcekCqublTR7nM8_IzAYungiakzVU_koqBmRAnulQgjxiT0eI8PUThUcnkcDYm0vjXBCQftZeLpdu6W9aIt_pgnW_3P7cY1iH0LixdDRzwG83O_Ji5Dqgyiz42HLtRSxF7OeEQxbSWxQHF54qfIgLphDmtbYbHytCPdrNW1/s400/TD_L2_late.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">Initially, the 3rd instar caterpillar resemble the 2nd instar closely. On close inspection, the body surface is adorned with numerous small pale brownish setae. As growth progresses in this instar, the dorsal tubercles on the mesothorax and the 5th abdominal segment becomes darkened in color. The dorsal nectary organ on the 7th abdominal segment and the tentacular organs on the 8th abdominla segment are now easily discernible. After about 2-3
days in the 3rd instar, the moult to the 4th instar takes place.
</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of an early 3rd instar caterpillar, length: 6.2mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar feeding on a young leaf of the Malayan Mistletoe, length: 8.1mm.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPKE0Zmqa5pqKPBid4TwrIigLCTkK6O4J5QQ1wt5GS6-C_odES08CRf3dxrhUCwNg0SwPdFENm_Ro9DrESc6BR568bTktxYtYvSNYH28GjeTyz2N2U3Y32f39KNtTl_ccVXYwmTLIZS7msa9iAl4UtJbYs2EyHjtZ6xPkJu0N6zIlECn7N_qbFeCe/s1800/Tajuria_dominus_L3_late.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOPKE0Zmqa5pqKPBid4TwrIigLCTkK6O4J5QQ1wt5GS6-C_odES08CRf3dxrhUCwNg0SwPdFENm_Ro9DrESc6BR568bTktxYtYvSNYH28GjeTyz2N2U3Y32f39KNtTl_ccVXYwmTLIZS7msa9iAl4UtJbYs2EyHjtZ6xPkJu0N6zIlECn7N_qbFeCe/s400/Tajuria_dominus_L3_late.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 3rd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult to the final instar.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">The 4th caterpillar is generally greenish and featuring prominent whitish bands and patches. A super-spiracular whitish band runs from the prothorax to 4th abdominal segment just above spiracles. Another one runs low along the body rim from the anterior segment to the 8th abdominal segment. Two obligue lateral whitish patches occur in abdominal segments 2-4, and 6-8. On the dorsum, there is a prominent triangular whitish patch on abdoment segments 4-6. The anal plate is also flanked with whitish patch on three sides. The tips of tdorsal tubercles on the mesothorax, metothorax and the 5th abdominal segments are reddish brown. In some caterpillars, there are additional black markings on the side of the prothoracic shield, and on the lower part of abdominal segments 1, 4 and 6. The 4th (and final) instar lasts about 3-3.5 days with the body length reaching up to 16mm. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a newly moulted 4th instar caterpillar, eating its old skin.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ZsMgAMcXrVxPJIhEipvhINjyPP5Oy-FyAumqAymXCxwfVudLPMQUDl-Lzoe5hXJ2E9dBS33Yj2pz_KDRqIbB1hOjqUbJ098FRrn6KFGW4RNgkjDSrst3uT6G51Gb6yLLgHDWJ944vSb9Pkk_G46C83ExFCrypSDokK1m-9bXsS0bH7kUR5US5Ngn/s800/TD_L4_anterior.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ZsMgAMcXrVxPJIhEipvhINjyPP5Oy-FyAumqAymXCxwfVudLPMQUDl-Lzoe5hXJ2E9dBS33Yj2pz_KDRqIbB1hOjqUbJ098FRrn6KFGW4RNgkjDSrst3uT6G51Gb6yLLgHDWJ944vSb9Pkk_G46C83ExFCrypSDokK1m-9bXsS0bH7kUR5US5Ngn/s400/TD_L4_anterior.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Frontal view of a 4th instar caterpillar, showing the diamond-shaped prothoracic shield. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqy9ZulCGOXNtm8kdwuSyE9tM2b-n5fSUinqW45sOWpMXZnvj9kl-lyt6YJe3MLD1KiGrjil6_RfERdTBfBuEFCvJIz4h6txLhS7TdBboYW1u_YYd0Qb-nPMFuyTJTWdFtux5pZxLzg_MSlIqbliM1rDRN1EWwwisWw2IHLL2lUHdeToV88997oBvi/s2000/DSC_6328.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqy9ZulCGOXNtm8kdwuSyE9tM2b-n5fSUinqW45sOWpMXZnvj9kl-lyt6YJe3MLD1KiGrjil6_RfERdTBfBuEFCvJIz4h6txLhS7TdBboYW1u_YYd0Qb-nPMFuyTJTWdFtux5pZxLzg_MSlIqbliM1rDRN1EWwwisWw2IHLL2lUHdeToV88997oBvi/s400/DSC_6328.jpg"/></a></div> <span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">The frontal view of another 4th instar caterpillar, showing black markings on the side of the prothoracic shield. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6PFQcT0Zpz5_XLokNAWZkxCa-4zFyTZhSWNettYWSHdRhVddBs249A7bhbOa7PNnrFaq2uwur4cV6FqYwhvE1PIKF2Bs4suWnmxGca3cDlJDtyLUCkn_2Kd2GkKUJlmFpXKzmRCsy25GODCjoMVN9ZyK8W3R0NiphslNXL3-FVjgU7EFT2NCzriSi/s2000/DSC_6250.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="1334" data-original-width="2000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6PFQcT0Zpz5_XLokNAWZkxCa-4zFyTZhSWNettYWSHdRhVddBs249A7bhbOa7PNnrFaq2uwur4cV6FqYwhvE1PIKF2Bs4suWnmxGca3cDlJDtyLUCkn_2Kd2GkKUJlmFpXKzmRCsy25GODCjoMVN9ZyK8W3R0NiphslNXL3-FVjgU7EFT2NCzriSi/s400/DSC_6250.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;"> A 4th instar caterpillar of the Influent Royal feeding on a young stem of the Malayan Mistletoe. This caterpillar has black markings in the prothorax, and abdominal segments 1, 4 and 6. </span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='420' height='240' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwlCvpPG5ytxoLrf2zRnARDSzqeiSiAgvJpOR0JzjUeuYXNEE3bB9Cj46nX9NhG8Ne_B-YkR89TAvmd82r89g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe> <br />
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Video: A 4th instar caterpillar of the Influent Royal feeding on a young stem of the Malayan Mistletoe. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixpe78QofbJC2u07BIkcJrKcKBqI9C6IWu-ctZ-4rTPJnogQA6T-0pjzO9QF2qU5BNpsUH4OE7p1TPGeiaQPUjjQ0NQHtUJG830FotfLDS4No_P58uphMfzIInOUH0yFVrOogKeJqjQqYy94aaDsPdCc9CYesMNwJt9WV75FbzYRszmuy3g-sPizxI/s800/TD_L4_12mm.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixpe78QofbJC2u07BIkcJrKcKBqI9C6IWu-ctZ-4rTPJnogQA6T-0pjzO9QF2qU5BNpsUH4OE7p1TPGeiaQPUjjQ0NQHtUJG830FotfLDS4No_P58uphMfzIInOUH0yFVrOogKeJqjQqYy94aaDsPdCc9CYesMNwJt9WV75FbzYRszmuy3g-sPizxI/s400/TD_L4_12mm.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, length: 12mm. This caterpillar does not have black markings in the prothorax, and abdominal segments 1, 4 and 6. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwRsHRTq-mhy_7o4Ly2BirgNkGXW72UqdoKZCKUEFDg1XNx8lG5611qrVtiKmj3GxeDUeD4IdgnGnhNeBeLi9vmqzlB6QqQyQZ4enrvxP6H7y-155qSGG3ODnfYM-a8KNlA82TLyTybx3rupUerETyeVkP5Zg3ewTkwLFBRR2Y-uPZtmBomIersCIz/s800/TD_L4_16mm_01.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwRsHRTq-mhy_7o4Ly2BirgNkGXW72UqdoKZCKUEFDg1XNx8lG5611qrVtiKmj3GxeDUeD4IdgnGnhNeBeLi9vmqzlB6QqQyQZ4enrvxP6H7y-155qSGG3ODnfYM-a8KNlA82TLyTybx3rupUerETyeVkP5Zg3ewTkwLFBRR2Y-uPZtmBomIersCIz/s400/TD_L4_16mm_01.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar feeding the leaf of the Malayan Mistletoe, length: 16mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">As the 4th instar comes to an end, the greenish part of the body gradually turn black. Soon after, the caterpillar ceases its feeding activity and its body gradually shrinks in length. The pre-pupatory caterpillar wanders around for a suitable pupation site. Typically it settles for a spot on the stem of the host plant, and on the surface of a leaf. At the chosen pupation site, it stays dormant for about 0.5 day or so before spinning a silk pad
to which it attaches itself via claspers at the posterior end. </span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZqgfj8PYwJAFVv-ECn7cvwYcwIfGtbsiJYY7zD5d8iEM24RzwC4UejSd--7Rp0oh1z6Hu22xV84ZPVzxObO2f8G-vq8XM_EwhZ0VfkTSg-WbalkKTlWqgF86aXMtm3bkOsQjefBzNWrc0aOkSt3rfcSMnNagnv1Lpmz9hqVjLeVazlkKLx-hoSh_W/s800/TD_L4_16mm_color_changed.jpg" ><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZqgfj8PYwJAFVv-ECn7cvwYcwIfGtbsiJYY7zD5d8iEM24RzwC4UejSd--7Rp0oh1z6Hu22xV84ZPVzxObO2f8G-vq8XM_EwhZ0VfkTSg-WbalkKTlWqgF86aXMtm3bkOsQjefBzNWrc0aOkSt3rfcSMnNagnv1Lpmz9hqVjLeVazlkKLx-hoSh_W/s400/TD_L4_16mm_color_changed.jpg"/></a></div>
<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a late 4th instar caterpillar, length: 16mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of an early pre-pupa of the Influent Royal.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pre-pupa of the Influent Royal.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">About 0.5 day after the pre-pupatory caterpillar secures itself to the pupation site, pupation takes place. The pupa
is held firmly via its cremaster to the silk pad. It is 10.8 to 11mm in length, with the typical shape for a lycaenid pupa. It is mostly whitish in the thorax, the wing pads and the lower part of the abdomen, brownish in the front portion of the prothorax, and the dorsum of the abdomen. Thin whitish dorso-lateral line segments, a triangular pale brown markings are embedded in the brown dorsal patch. Two short cephalic horns are also present.
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Two views of a pupa of the Influent Royal, length: 10.8mm.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Three views of a developing male pupa. Left: day 1; middle: day 7; right: day 8. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
Seven days later, the pupa becomes darkened in color signaling the
imminent emergence of the adult. The next day the adult butterfly
emerges from the mature pupa (pupal period: 8 days).
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">Video: A male Influent Royal emerges from its pupal case.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003300; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 78%;">A newly eclosed male Influent Royal resting next to its pupal case.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial";"><b>References:</b>
</span> <br />
<ul>
<span style="color: #006600; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 100%;">
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">[C&P4]</span><b>
The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M.
Pendlebury, 4th Edition, Malayan Nature Society, 1992.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 2nd Edition, 2012.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span align="justify">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: xx-small;">
<b>A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Singapore, Khew S.K., Ink On Paper Communications, 2nd Edition, 2015.</b>
</span>
</span>
</li>
</span>
</ul>
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Text by Horace Tan. Photos by Loh Mei Yee, Jonathan Soong and Horace Tan. Videos by Loh Mei Yee and Horace Tan.</span>
Horacehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02159288580693656871noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6432400397162178532.post-4335889664388138742022-11-27T08:23:00.001+08:002022-11-27T10:51:21.610+08:00Butterfly of the Month - November 2022<b><span style="font-size: large;">Butterfly of the Month - November 2022</span></b><div><b><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">Tailless Line Blue</span> (<i>Prosotas dubiosa lumpura</i>)</span></b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGnKWolBTUD8rGlKnEBjejNHX_VmzFgr1COH2y_xLq3sSrZ8pZxND7NUpgOtT5g6nNYrceFDnAT_c1LCmIckmA-ZuUxfU0AmzHS0pIDUSS91sAISngoiyl2Trhie67m1PK_HEAlMob3nHDWorGyCGI3Z-k8XoHQ1stmJ6tJM_XDgIeA0nUbJKBbWrv/s2000/TaillessLB-LohMY2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1245" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGnKWolBTUD8rGlKnEBjejNHX_VmzFgr1COH2y_xLq3sSrZ8pZxND7NUpgOtT5g6nNYrceFDnAT_c1LCmIckmA-ZuUxfU0AmzHS0pIDUSS91sAISngoiyl2Trhie67m1PK_HEAlMob3nHDWorGyCGI3Z-k8XoHQ1stmJ6tJM_XDgIeA0nUbJKBbWrv/w400-h249/TaillessLB-LohMY2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A mating pair of Tailless Line Blues perched on the top of a leaf</span></b></div><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The atmosphere of Christmas is in the air, as we stand on the threshold of December. Shopping malls and offices in Singapore are beginning to be decorated with festive paraphernalia and Christmas songs are being played over the audio systems. The cooler (and wetter) weather at this time of the year also reminds us that the monsoon rains are upon us, and the final month of 2022 is nigh.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ThZJK1VHUtGxjQihEiKI6s8c8322FhvWcbdvYkeGTnrq7yjhhNFNTqjrfWEZ2Mz_02m3JVGgBqLx6grzmWGT2C7LYv3x6YmxpZUF3LLGKS1d7Ry7kn3MpyaXbSCEzBMgYz_SCWCDjo4yTpF9EqZuPKcCD17G7GolvPaRuriSoJJ6QiUI0UAdms78/s2000/TaillessLB-KSK1a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ThZJK1VHUtGxjQihEiKI6s8c8322FhvWcbdvYkeGTnrq7yjhhNFNTqjrfWEZ2Mz_02m3JVGgBqLx6grzmWGT2C7LYv3x6YmxpZUF3LLGKS1d7Ry7kn3MpyaXbSCEzBMgYz_SCWCDjo4yTpF9EqZuPKcCD17G7GolvPaRuriSoJJ6QiUI0UAdms78/s320/TaillessLB-KSK1a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Tailless Line Blue feeding on the flower of the Stringbush (<i><a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2012/12/favourite-nectaring-plants-2.html" target="_blank">Cordia cylindristachya</a></i>)</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj64dJUWDksvBLLQ26hq1L8WGz6W4ac5xJcXutNdYLN6y1sY8boVuaNPTAY9b1hU5mFb_2ekiXRoWUPUnFCl6LXNf4cl_H2QiRtZoJfnM7nU0cE1XZcwcZhtME4M7NKn5y1-udO-sfjQHJsDQQfuyVmnYWfItzPBAhlPVGlKhtOSM1z9FXz945XL_Gs/s600/TaillessLB-KohCH.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="600" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj64dJUWDksvBLLQ26hq1L8WGz6W4ac5xJcXutNdYLN6y1sY8boVuaNPTAY9b1hU5mFb_2ekiXRoWUPUnFCl6LXNf4cl_H2QiRtZoJfnM7nU0cE1XZcwcZhtME4M7NKn5y1-udO-sfjQHJsDQQfuyVmnYWfItzPBAhlPVGlKhtOSM1z9FXz945XL_Gs/s320/TaillessLB-KohCH.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Tailless Line Blue puddling at a damp footpath</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">There was much excitement with the election fever gripping our northern neighbour as Malaysians waited with bated breath, anticipating who would be proclaimed Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister. As expected, the results of the elections were not conclusive, and it was left to the Yang DiPertuan Agong to decide who would lead Malaysian politics into the coming years. As it came to be, the 75-year old Anwar Ibrahim become Malaysia's next PM.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI3BvralEf5MKk_saGw5B7BMgQDvBA-PFZujUcVfF6-sLISy6m9C1sGMA9FFaX-O0YUDLG6Xhf1mHAw5ulP4Vy4KE4tMjp5K-B9Xw5CNWgLm3nyOAXjK_XvfAhMxOR5HRr-xEZNfV39qlVDOigYCTkoRbHggCyI9Un_5cNEm27wghQhKkfGQSmUvSc/s1890/TaillessLB-ZickSoh.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1890" data-original-width="1383" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI3BvralEf5MKk_saGw5B7BMgQDvBA-PFZujUcVfF6-sLISy6m9C1sGMA9FFaX-O0YUDLG6Xhf1mHAw5ulP4Vy4KE4tMjp5K-B9Xw5CNWgLm3nyOAXjK_XvfAhMxOR5HRr-xEZNfV39qlVDOigYCTkoRbHggCyI9Un_5cNEm27wghQhKkfGQSmUvSc/s320/TaillessLB-ZickSoh.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Tailless Line Blue feeding on the remains of a dragonfly nymph</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ3RHuTlubYhEuB94bOZFgy7gtotCTf_wEr-00KvxCYMu35-GsO-WYNfDXSOcpcGmb4rnbC1U-Hz87ISDRjMV6vbY8vAAWn9UB2uklSTDNP9FS3aPcXDU1S_3DH1E3JOxXeEBj6iQj0zERCkmSCbZNXekwwqbAvu7dTdKqx0dxqcrDm88YWFBiq3QO/s2400/TaillessLB-MichaelSoh.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="2400" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ3RHuTlubYhEuB94bOZFgy7gtotCTf_wEr-00KvxCYMu35-GsO-WYNfDXSOcpcGmb4rnbC1U-Hz87ISDRjMV6vbY8vAAWn9UB2uklSTDNP9FS3aPcXDU1S_3DH1E3JOxXeEBj6iQj0zERCkmSCbZNXekwwqbAvu7dTdKqx0dxqcrDm88YWFBiq3QO/s320/TaillessLB-MichaelSoh.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A Tailless Line Blue puddling at a red brick path</span></b></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">With his colourful history, particularly having served a prison sentence before, PM Anwar is a shining example of "never give up" spirit. Not many would have given him a chance of ever being Malaysia's PM after so many attempts to return to power, and the intriguing twists and turns in his political fortunes - one that would make a very interesting plot for a drama!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid0KJDAIWqulL9ZLKtnHQnEsTd9lchJWlWd8Xvm4_NtF8tA89IXYvYMer4GkX6MlysVY-BXscXxj27DYdZJg75Wtsa9kL2Zgneynzhfoj3k7gIfsOdFxe4RNCfOzq2g54X90sKRQzkOMwpxGeKCM95rysOfDrFlerD5lwuQiIKaNOtddQy6TCDdu9E/s2048/TaillessLB-JaniceAng.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1435" data-original-width="2048" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid0KJDAIWqulL9ZLKtnHQnEsTd9lchJWlWd8Xvm4_NtF8tA89IXYvYMer4GkX6MlysVY-BXscXxj27DYdZJg75Wtsa9kL2Zgneynzhfoj3k7gIfsOdFxe4RNCfOzq2g54X90sKRQzkOMwpxGeKCM95rysOfDrFlerD5lwuQiIKaNOtddQy6TCDdu9E/w400-h280/TaillessLB-JaniceAng.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A pair of Tailless Line Blues puddling together</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdEZJWpSfU4JZQeZ9qN7TFSNg2sbkKLmgy0V2ETjnY-dQVCANMabXIrGL7NrtEDBid3paM724nCgqvRThw1Zc8A3M6A68Z11dyonoPfZ6v1sSeaUsoSvfbVuPmhwobggolIFu3PqG9bWwcJJwlivGoCZJQmy4PdV4A0Znkvl7xkAI6Q9UYOCkGxkro/s800/TaillessLB-MayChan.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="800" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdEZJWpSfU4JZQeZ9qN7TFSNg2sbkKLmgy0V2ETjnY-dQVCANMabXIrGL7NrtEDBid3paM724nCgqvRThw1Zc8A3M6A68Z11dyonoPfZ6v1sSeaUsoSvfbVuPmhwobggolIFu3PqG9bWwcJJwlivGoCZJQmy4PdV4A0Znkvl7xkAI6Q9UYOCkGxkro/w400-h261/TaillessLB-MayChan.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A Tailless Line Blue feeding on the flower of the Spanish Needle (<i><a href="https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2016/08/favourite-nectaring-plants-7.html" target="_blank">Bidens alba</a></i>) in Hong Kong</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihg0a0O1l6m_VymWpeAK1BSXe6RED215_jhijnPPvxFlB5VHzNrRsegyxbsLzjHtaAU6he4Aoh9irXuYzdSVLbzHcV7d2m2q1t4Jy9Hn_42-A2GrMIcljR11t8U39fZV-asPFQeqyoqYiZYodDH6QdJi942XKyTwe5IJaTo3asUrTheb3Dtx1ek9Xt/s1895/TaillessLB-DavidChan.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1271" data-original-width="1895" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihg0a0O1l6m_VymWpeAK1BSXe6RED215_jhijnPPvxFlB5VHzNrRsegyxbsLzjHtaAU6he4Aoh9irXuYzdSVLbzHcV7d2m2q1t4Jy9Hn_42-A2GrMIcljR11t8U39fZV-asPFQeqyoqYiZYodDH6QdJi942XKyTwe5IJaTo3asUrTheb3Dtx1ek9Xt/w400-h269/TaillessLB-DavidChan.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Over in Qatar, soccer fans were treated to their first FIFA World Cup ever to be held in the Arab world. Held once every four years, the 2022 edition of the FIFA World Cup supposedly costs over US$220B to host - a sum that would even be significant to the wealthy emirate with the 4th highest GDP per capita in the world. This edition of the World Cup is being held in the "winter" months as the unbearable heat and humidity in the region would have posed challenges to playing soccer in the summer months.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiSmoDRGXwRUwqVlFvuDnUoNi0REMntW9jvX3UoT0vbE0RcZVzJygS9kVzx3WzEGOeecX7FKj7uCOBCAn5G290oDSioPEBg1HMXuTYtMldtii6AgV2bX3wju_VKpmp69uWE2l4O1klsbr151jY0tI3f-Nmr2dSaNBJ5K8nurXTUBJObN-YqvPSgFhF/s2000/TaillessLB-LohMY3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiSmoDRGXwRUwqVlFvuDnUoNi0REMntW9jvX3UoT0vbE0RcZVzJygS9kVzx3WzEGOeecX7FKj7uCOBCAn5G290oDSioPEBg1HMXuTYtMldtii6AgV2bX3wju_VKpmp69uWE2l4O1klsbr151jY0tI3f-Nmr2dSaNBJ5K8nurXTUBJObN-YqvPSgFhF/w400-h266/TaillessLB-LohMY3.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Back home in Singapore, the rising interest rates, rents and general cost of living and the impending adjustment of the Goods and Services Tax by 1% in 2023 and another 1% in the following year was cause for concern for the residents. For example, rentals of residential units rose by an eye-watering 46% from 2019, and is set to continue on its trajectory upwards. This would certainly put a severe strain on the working population, particularly the foreign workforce in Singapore. Already, there is talk of an imminent recession in the months ahead, adding to the woes of Singaporeans.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGDj3ZitT4g8o9AFIzOJZSPOuZ_iaCmAWUid-BxtoeqhIpj6CexOPpCfbA5DcScDiQpEAJtW7bzLKhbBzpkRATic2erG1q_AtyuXtqxctt9xLJWfUgnkAZuwufrgYDBxo3jGM30mfCYl8-V5LE8B0cor7eRoCoZHcWtaSpf-wrDYXjq8dqQILRUJfg/s850/TaillessLineBlue-KSK02.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="850" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGDj3ZitT4g8o9AFIzOJZSPOuZ_iaCmAWUid-BxtoeqhIpj6CexOPpCfbA5DcScDiQpEAJtW7bzLKhbBzpkRATic2erG1q_AtyuXtqxctt9xLJWfUgnkAZuwufrgYDBxo3jGM30mfCYl8-V5LE8B0cor7eRoCoZHcWtaSpf-wrDYXjq8dqQILRUJfg/w400-h266/TaillessLineBlue-KSK02.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">Back to our butterfly world, we introduce our 181st Butterfly of the Month since the start of this series. For the month of November 2022, we feature the diminutive <b><span style="color: red;">Tailless Line Blue</span></b> (<i>Prosotas dubiosa lumpura</i>). This tiny species, with a wingspan of just over 20mm, is widely distributed across Singapore, and is sometimes abundant where several dozens may be flying around and dogfighting amongst the shrubbery.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheT_epomkcaciHKNrPrTh_gxf4I7HwW78wBw60zP3hoPcgcwJBhseStk8wbLugTWvUuYva9c0uj3JuuHfc4lVO72EA-0vwN1sHiHpnsBj8lGSxPAiwtnuJ7LHoSLNWXgGB1vWJ3hR5ji5L960MiH_bb8ZPeZirZEmaM3Z3z6h2TTbtPcrmNMVGoLzE/s2048/TaillessLB-AnnKong.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1625" data-original-width="2048" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheT_epomkcaciHKNrPrTh_gxf4I7HwW78wBw60zP3hoPcgcwJBhseStk8wbLugTWvUuYva9c0uj3JuuHfc4lVO72EA-0vwN1sHiHpnsBj8lGSxPAiwtnuJ7LHoSLNWXgGB1vWJ3hR5ji5L960MiH_bb8ZPeZirZEmaM3Z3z6h2TTbtPcrmNMVGoLzE/w400-h318/TaillessLB-AnnKong.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #38761d; font-size: x-small;">A Tailless Line Blue taking in perspiration from a human</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrpG-_G4gQTZmc2KTgxWqIalnJUoDrF-WzBaKFrD56dWJtqmDz-zhWR5aJzGpZBXc6UxRLrFbHuARnQKDMSviWok3LbaFQj1a4rQpFqUc4iF7SpBoibMtaYrYvLaS63zGIOStv-5WF_plS41LpFtWJWALPCO1-M3gQxyhI36XW1vzM_7ncERd-1mCK/s2400/TaillessLB-KSK4a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrpG-_G4gQTZmc2KTgxWqIalnJUoDrF-WzBaKFrD56dWJtqmDz-zhWR5aJzGpZBXc6UxRLrFbHuARnQKDMSviWok3LbaFQj1a4rQpFqUc4iF7SpBoibMtaYrYvLaS63zGIOStv-5WF_plS41LpFtWJWALPCO1-M3gQxyhI36XW1vzM_7ncERd-1mCK/w400-h266/TaillessLB-KSK4a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj96Y4o-BYwAS3ScDyPcuUb9TDOqndhc4JfgSGkOkNe8YkQezljqeT8gQWFSdCNymvgRWM0slv2lElxr9FTUculNdJ2IsAmJdor4DbvDLLCzCPVvO8YNVpewrjfJWirtJJ2zuDIICUIqIIdkuH4G7vEQW2PRZTvJqI9f2gZdPUy0n6o-RcjTgoZp0Je/s2000/TaillessLB-KSK5.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj96Y4o-BYwAS3ScDyPcuUb9TDOqndhc4JfgSGkOkNe8YkQezljqeT8gQWFSdCNymvgRWM0slv2lElxr9FTUculNdJ2IsAmJdor4DbvDLLCzCPVvO8YNVpewrjfJWirtJJ2zuDIICUIqIIdkuH4G7vEQW2PRZTvJqI9f2gZdPUy0n6o-RcjTgoZp0Je/w400-h266/TaillessLB-KSK5.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">It can be found in Singapore's urban parks and gardens as well as in the nature reserves. It has a weak but erratic flight but is skittish and waiting for an individual to stop and perch for a good photograph is often challenging. Amongst its caterpillar host plants are <i>Bridelia tomentosa </i>and the non-native <i>Acacia auriculiformis.</i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2txGcxTaseYVSO7VuwRoVMANWXQSqs5Mh3tlUhPFXWHNn_qef5xbe0e4JxnEhGaAj5mzcccz-AVmuaa8EZfEhlEbhtl2FmYkmCvhUH7sqLu6Nhft_VM8EVEXVllsg4LDvApCj737mb45sl2A0LJqBVlkHRoYeWU311yKUlWAV91fey1961lpR2MKZ/s2400/TaillessLB-KSK10.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2txGcxTaseYVSO7VuwRoVMANWXQSqs5Mh3tlUhPFXWHNn_qef5xbe0e4JxnEhGaAj5mzcccz-AVmuaa8EZfEhlEbhtl2FmYkmCvhUH7sqLu6Nhft_VM8EVEXVllsg4LDvApCj737mb45sl2A0LJqBVlkHRoYeWU311yKUlWAV91fey1961lpR2MKZ/w400-h266/TaillessLB-KSK10.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>A glimpse of the upperside of a male Tailless Line Blue</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoE5Vxa0I5JiuDAI1d1wVlumvEE2KYhrEoNpjETJgd7J6AvQAi7zXNNmJW3LDGQ5ecE-hM56A2wvoP08nq3A82td4HNU782RBbdFYzFw264MxUXZR0HvplW_y6f6NgoPpHwaNV3W3aHDT385sfWchBhIl0BkSBwTF1lIIiGATinbAzKjpnHWmpEFFY/s2400/TaillessLB-KSK8.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoE5Vxa0I5JiuDAI1d1wVlumvEE2KYhrEoNpjETJgd7J6AvQAi7zXNNmJW3LDGQ5ecE-hM56A2wvoP08nq3A82td4HNU782RBbdFYzFw264MxUXZR0HvplW_y6f6NgoPpHwaNV3W3aHDT385sfWchBhIl0BkSBwTF1lIIiGATinbAzKjpnHWmpEFFY/w400-h266/TaillessLB-KSK8.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">A female Tailless Line Blue sunbathes on the top of a palm leaf</span></b></div><i><br /></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The Tailless Line Blue is bluish purple on top with an almost imperceptible border in the male. The female is brown on top with blue discal patch and wing bases. The underside is greyish with the usual striations of the genus. At the tornal area is a large black spot that is crowned with orange. There are also some light greenish blue iridescent scales on the tornal spot.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKKIQ1e9fmi7pOw4UGQF91MkWD9TKOkLOi3O7FYBH5ahrwj3g-oT_T-iNdzF3SC723mbXTeBcrrRLekOR2Ddxowiyy18pnxhZo-t5fV0ckqVxciuAD-EgBvRisIQMPeFxvF4Cm29l5NDYdUuK04WU9FBzw1LggO1rEtIk4CdV3mf20xeG6LklMim1Z/s2400/TaillessLB-DavidHo.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="2400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKKIQ1e9fmi7pOw4UGQF91MkWD9TKOkLOi3O7FYBH5ahrwj3g-oT_T-iNdzF3SC723mbXTeBcrrRLekOR2Ddxowiyy18pnxhZo-t5fV0ckqVxciuAD-EgBvRisIQMPeFxvF4Cm29l5NDYdUuK04WU9FBzw1LggO1rEtIk4CdV3mf20xeG6LklMim1Z/w400-h266/TaillessLB-DavidHo.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ0O2aESd0i3o913jAPNW0PeVeAFBhXSlltMcEx_t6wisfoomMYUJ2GO3l1NIQ3qBFhT9yzVvjZUSPbNCmZkIHCmbcp34S4qmA3Ibv-d9WP-yZwbhzLivVPS4VQKIoc64yP37Rh7KuqCFPHEDNnDPigadnGCPmM8miXurPgMp0hqRHEBLD2LvyMSTm/s2000/TaillessLB-KSK3a.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ0O2aESd0i3o913jAPNW0PeVeAFBhXSlltMcEx_t6wisfoomMYUJ2GO3l1NIQ3qBFhT9yzVvjZUSPbNCmZkIHCmbcp34S4qmA3Ibv-d9WP-yZwbhzLivVPS4VQKIoc64yP37Rh7KuqCFPHEDNnDPigadnGCPmM8miXurPgMp0hqRHEBLD2LvyMSTm/w400-h266/TaillessLB-KSK3a.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjdkqn7S_RKSFHoYZ-MGcXopWltjMpueehwDbJohmWsTwsJ1AzWLH2sigZdC91Dap2SU1pVLskhI45O049q7q22t6cRe09Izw0O0JxOpvCx552D8Nh4gubUkPBRWR78VRFUVxr3mFmERqkuZRrhoYgx8RNx_8v0_7VYjbo2nImTzhe7ZtFbaQiqEv/s2000/TaillessLB-KSK2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjdkqn7S_RKSFHoYZ-MGcXopWltjMpueehwDbJohmWsTwsJ1AzWLH2sigZdC91Dap2SU1pVLskhI45O049q7q22t6cRe09Izw0O0JxOpvCx552D8Nh4gubUkPBRWR78VRFUVxr3mFmERqkuZRrhoYgx8RNx_8v0_7VYjbo2nImTzhe7ZtFbaQiqEv/w400-h266/TaillessLB-KSK2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Puddling Tailless Line Blues on various food sources</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">The eyes are jet black and large, and the antennae black-and-white banded. As its common name suggests, it is tailless, unlike many of the other tailed species in the genus. It can be encountered feeding at small flowers and can easily be approached when puddling on damp sandy streambanks and decomposing organic material.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: xx-small;">Text by Khew SK : Photos by Janice Ang, David Chan, May Chan, David Ho, Khew SK, Koh CH, Ann Kong, Loh MY, Michael Soh and Zick Soh.</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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